< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xarъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From earlier *ksārus. Related to *xorъ (“dark, black”), which from Proto-Balto-Slavic *skaras, from Proto-Indo-European *skor-os, from *(s)ker- (“to scrape, to scrub, to clean”).
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *xarъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xarъ | *xara | *xaro |
| genitive | *xara | *xary | *xara |
| dative | *xaru | *xarě | *xaru |
| accusative | *xarъ | *xarǫ | *xaro |
| instrumental | *xaromь | *xarojǫ | *xaromь |
| locative | *xarě | *xarě | *xarě |
| vocative | *xare | *xaro | *xaro |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xara | *xarě | *xarě |
| genitive | *xaru | *xaru | *xaru |
| dative | *xaroma | *xarama | *xaroma |
| accusative | *xara | *xarě | *xarě |
| instrumental | *xaroma | *xarama | *xaroma |
| locative | *xaru | *xaru | *xaru |
| vocative | *xara | *xarě | *xarě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xari | *xary | *xara |
| genitive | *xarъ | *xarъ | *xarъ |
| dative | *xaromъ | *xaramъ | *xaromъ |
| accusative | *xary | *xary | *xara |
| instrumental | *xary | *xarami | *xary |
| locative | *xarěxъ | *xaraxъ | *xarěxъ |
| vocative | *xari | *xary | *xara |
Definite declension of *xarъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xarъjь | *xaraja | *xaroje |
| genitive | *xarajego | *xaryję̇ | *xarajego |
| dative | *xarujemu | *xarěji | *xarujemu |
| accusative | *xarъjь | *xarǫjǫ | *xaroje |
| instrumental | *xaryjimь | *xarǫjǫ | *xaryjimь |
| locative | *xarějemь | *xarěji | *xarějemь |
| vocative | *xarъjь | *xaraja | *xaroje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xaraja | *xarěji | *xarěji |
| genitive | *xaruju | *xaruju | *xaruju |
| dative | *xaryjima | *xaryjima | *xaryjima |
| accusative | *xaraja | *xarěji | *xarěji |
| instrumental | *xaryjima | *xaryjima | *xaryjima |
| locative | *xaruju | *xaruju | *xaruju |
| vocative | *xaraja | *xarěji | *xarěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *xariji | *xaryję̇ | *xaraja |
| genitive | *xarъjixъ | *xarъjixъ | *xarъjixъ |
| dative | *xaryjimъ | *xaryjimъ | *xaryjimъ |
| accusative | *xaryję̇ | *xaryję̇ | *xaraja |
| instrumental | *xaryjimi | *xaryjimi | *xaryjimi |
| locative | *xaryjixъ | *xaryjixъ | *xaryjixъ |
| vocative | *xariji | *xaryję̇ | *xaraja |
Related terms
- *xorъ (“dark, black”)
- *xorxoriti (“to brag, show off; to be defiant”)
- *xorostь (“beauty, pleasantness; convenience”)
- *xoroščьnъ (“beautiful; good”)
- *xorovitъ (“beautiful; kind, fine”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: *харъ (*xarŭ)
- Old Ruthenian: *ха́рый (*xáryj)
- Russian: *ха́рый (*xáryj)
- ⇒ Russian: (dialectal) ха́ро (xáro, “strongly”)
- ⇒ Russian: (dialectal) ха́рзина (xárzina, “poor housing”)
- Old East Slavic: *харъ (*xarŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: (obsolete) ха́рий (hárij, “faulty”)
- ⇒ Bulgarian: ста́роха́ро (stároháro, “about an old, decrepit man”)
- ⇒ Slovene: harè n (“jade, nag (old or worn-out horse)”) (tonal orthography)
- Bulgarian: (obsolete) ха́рий (hárij, “faulty”)
- West Slavic:
- Czech: charý (“gloomy; dilapidated; shabby, ugly”)
- ⇒ Czech: (dialectal) charuzna (“dilapidated house”)
- ⇒? Middle Polish: charłać, charleć (16ᵗʰ c.)
- ⇒? Polish: (dated) charłak, chorłak, cherłak, chyrłak (“weakling; poor man, beggar”)
- Czech: charý (“gloomy; dilapidated; shabby, ugly”)
References
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xarъjь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 21
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 158: “псл. *xarъjь ― psl. *xarʺjʹ”
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харло”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 159
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харлак”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 159
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “харпак”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 159
Further reading
- Петлева, И. П. (1985) “Укр. диал. прихо́рний, рус. хоро́брый (слав. xorbrъ)”, in Этимология 1982, Moscow, pages 36-37
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