< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pěna
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páiˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-. Cognate with Lithuanian spáinė, Old Prussian sроауnо, Sanskrit फेन (phéna), English foam.
Inflection
Declension of *pě̀na (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *pě̀na | *pě̀ně | *pě̀ny |
| genitive | *pě̀ny | *pě̀nu | *pě̀nъ |
| dative | *pě̀ně | *pě̀nama | *pě̀namъ |
| accusative | *pě̀nǫ | *pě̀ně | *pě̀ny |
| instrumental | *pě̀nojǫ, *pě̀nǭ** | *pě̀nama | *pě̀namī |
| locative | *pě̀ně | *pě̀nu | *pě̀nasъ, *pě̀naxъ* |
| vocative | *pě̀no | *pě̀ně | *pě̀ny |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Declension of *pěnà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *pěnà | *pě̑ně | *pě̑ny |
| genitive | *pěný | *pěnù | *pě̃nъ |
| dative | *pěně̀ | *pěnàma | *pěnàmъ |
| accusative | *pě̑nǫ | *pě̑ně | *pě̑ny |
| instrumental | *pěnojǫ́ | *pěnàma | *pěnàmi |
| locative | *pě̑ně | *pěnù | *pěnàsъ, *pěnàxъ* |
| vocative | *pěno | *pě̑ně | *pě̑ny |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Secondarily
Declension of *pě̄nà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *pě̄nà | *pě̃ně | *pě̄nỳ |
| genitive | *pě̄nỳ | *pě̄nù | *pě̃nъ |
| dative | *pě̄ně̀ | *pě̄nàma | *pě̄nàmъ |
| accusative | *pě̄nǫ̀ | *pě̃ně | *pě̄nỳ |
| instrumental | *pě̄nòjǫ, *pě̃nǫ** | *pě̄nàma | *pě̄nàmī |
| locative | *pě̄ně̀ | *pě̄nù | *pě̄nàsъ, *pě̄nàxъ* |
| vocative | *pěno | *pě̃ně | *pě̄nỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- → Yiddish: פּינע (pine), פּיאַנע (pyane)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “пе́на”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pě̀na”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 397: “f. ā (a) ‘foam’”
- Nikolajev, S. L. (2012) “Vostočnoslavjanskije refleksy akcentnoj paradigmy d i indojevropejskije sootvetstvija slavjanskim akcentnym tipam suščestvitelʹnyx mužskovo roda s o- i u-osnovami*”, in Karpato-balkanskij dialektnyj landšaft: Jazyk i kulʹtura (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 39: “*pě̋na, *pěna̋”
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