< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gǫba
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Probably substantivization of Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) + *-a. Cognate with Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) (with métatonie douce), gémbė (“nail”), Latvian gum̃ba (“tumor”). Further origin uncertain:
- An old hypothesis due to Pedersen, Berneker suggests possible relationship (through metathesis) with Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos, “fungus”), Latin fungus. Doubted by Vasmer, Trubačev, Derksen.
- Trubačev additionally draws comparison to Proto-Germanic *wambō (“womb”), Sanskrit गभ (gabhá, “vagina”) (which however requires a circumflex root). A more likely Germanic cognate is Norwegian kump (“lump, bulge”) (< *kumpaz).
The sense ‘lip, mouth’ is probably figurative and should not be separated from the sense ‘mushroom’. Some daughter languages exhibit accentual difference between the two meanings, as in the case of Czech houba (“sponge”) : huba (“mouth”).
Declension
Declension of *gǫ̀ba (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gǫ̀ba | *gǫ̀bě | *gǫ̀by |
| genitive | *gǫ̀by | *gǫ̀bu | *gǫ̀bъ |
| dative | *gǫ̀bě | *gǫ̀bama | *gǫ̀bamъ |
| accusative | *gǫ̀bǫ | *gǫ̀bě | *gǫ̀by |
| instrumental | *gǫ̀bojǫ, *gǫ̀bǭ** | *gǫ̀bama | *gǫ̀bamī |
| locative | *gǫ̀bě | *gǫ̀bu | *gǫ̀basъ, *gǫ̀baxъ* |
| vocative | *gǫ̀bo | *gǫ̀bě | *gǫ̀by |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *gǫbъka, *gǫbica (diminutive)
- *gǫbatъ (“pouted, with creased lips”)
- *gǫbavъ (“infected by fungi, leprous”) *gǫběstъ (“mushy, spongy”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “губа”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gǫba”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 78
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “гъба¹, гъба²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 297
- “gumbas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gǫ̀ba”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 182: “f. ā (a) ‘(tree-)fungus’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001) “gǫba”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a labium, spongia, sinus maris (PR 132; RPT 110)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “gọ́ba”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gǫ̋ba”
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982), “ґемба”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1 (А – Г), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 492
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