< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dražiti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Uncertain. Commonly explained as descending from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreh₂gʰ- (“to stir up”)[1], from which also descend Sanskrit द्राघते (drāghate, “to torment”) and English dreccan (“to torture”) (from Proto-Germanic *drakjaną). Derksen, however, doubts this derivation[2] because of the conflicting intonation within Russian.

An alternative reconstruction is from Proto-Slavic *dra- (“to skin, to tear”) + *-ž- + *-iti[3], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”) (cf Proto-Slavic *draskati (“to scratch”) and Proto-Slavic *drāpàti (“to pluck”)).

Verb

*dražiti impf[2][1][3]

  1. to provoke, annoy
  2. to irritate

Inflection
Conjugation of *dražiti, *dráži, *drážitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*dráženьje *dražiti *dražitъ *drážilъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *dráženъ *drážimъ
Active *drážь *drážę
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *drážixъ*dráži*dráži *drážǫ*drážiši*drážitь
Dual *drážixově*drážista*drážiste *dráživě*drážita*drážite
Plural *drážixomъ*drážiste*drážišę *drážimъ*drážite*drážętь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *drážaaxъ*drážaaše*drážaaše —*dráži*dráži
Dual *drážaaxově*drážaašeta*drážaašete *dráživě*drážita—
Plural *drážaaxomъ*drážaašete*drážaaxǫ *drážimъ*drážite—
    Notes:
  • (*)*dráživъ is a later doublet of the past active participle
Conjugation of *dražiti, *draži, *dražitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*draženьje *dražiti *dražitъ *dražilъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *draženъ *dražimъ
Active *dražь *dražę
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *dražixъ*draži*draži *dražǫ*dražiši*dražitь
Dual *dražixově*dražista*dražiste *draživě*dražita*dražite
Plural *dražixomъ*dražiste*dražišę *dražimъ*dražite*dražętь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *dražaaxъ*dražaaše*dražaaše —*draži*draži
Dual *dražaaxově*dražaašeta*dražaašete *draživě*dražita—
Plural *dražaaxomъ*dražaašete*dražaaxǫ *dražimъ*dražite—
    Notes:
  • (*)*draživъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Derived terms
  • *draznь (“irritation”)
  • *dražati (“to irritate”)
  • *dręzga (“mutual provocation, squabble”) (semantically influenced by *dražiti)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Russian: раздражи́ть (razdražítʹ)
    • Ukrainian: дратувати (dratuvaty) (possibly?)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: раздражити (razdražiti, “incite”)
      Glagolitic: ⱃⰰⰸⰴⱃⰰⰶⰹⱅⰹ (razdražiti)
    • Bulgarian: дра́жем (drážem) (dialectic)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: дра́жити
      Latin script: drážiti
    • Slovene: drážiti
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: drážiti
    • Slovak: drážiť (dialectal)

Further reading
  1. Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “-дражи́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*drāžiti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 115
  3. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dražiti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 104
  4. Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “дразня”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 419
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