Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d-kʷəj-n

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-kʷəy-n (Matisoff, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *kwiy=*kwəy ⪤ **d-k-wiy (LaPolla, 1987); *kwiy (Chou, 1972; Weidert, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *kwəy (Chou, 1972; Weidert, 1987)

A widely attested root in Sino-Tibetan languages.

The nasal suffix -n is reconstructed solely on the basis of the Chinese comparandum "犬 (quǎn)", where it is said to function as a "collective plural" suffix. This word has almost been completely replaced by 狗 (gǒu) (gǒu, from Old Chinese *Cə.kˁroʔ, "dog") in modern varieties, which Schuessler (2007) considers to be a substrate loanword of Hmong-Mien origin (Proto-Hmong-Mien *qluwˣ (“dog”)), which is in turn perhaps an Austronesian loan, cf. Proto-Austronesian *(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ (“dog”) (Benedict, 1996). Compare Proto-Japonic *enu (“dog”) (distantly possible as *eŋku (signature shift), from **e-ŋku[kuɣ] (typical reduction on the right)), and Middle Korean 가히 (gahi, “dog”) (Modern 개 (gae)).

Compare Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”) (whence English hound, Latin canis, Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śván)), where the -n suffixed form is preserved in many modern reflexes.

Eastern Han Dynasty, a standing statue of a dog from Sichuan, China.

Noun

*d-kʷəj-n

dog

Descendants

Old Chinese: 犬 /*kʰʷeːnʔ/ (ZS), /*kʷʰˤenʔ/ (B-S) (“dog”)
(in the oracle bone script)
- Middle Chinese: 犬 /kʰwen^X/

^{The template Template:Sinoxenic does not use the parameter(s): 5=gyeon
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}

**:

→ Japanese: 犬 (けん, ken)
Korean: 견 (犬, gyeon)
Vietnamese: khuyển (犬)

- - Mandarin:
    - Beijing: 犬 (quǎn) /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/ (“dog”)
  - Cantonese:
    - Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 犬 (hyun²) /hyːn³⁵/
  - Wu:
    - Shanghainese: 犬 (⁵chioe) /t͡ɕʰye̞⁴¹/
- Min:
  - Coastal Min:
    - Min Nan:
      - Hokkien:
        Taiwan: 犬 /kʰi̯en⁵¹/
Greater Magaric
- Magaric
  - Proto-Kham: *kaːh
    - Kham:
      - Gamale Kham: काः
      - Sheshi Kham: का, काः
Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
  - Bodic
    - Kurtöp: ཁྭི (khwi)
    - Tibetan
      - Written Tibetan: ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”)
- Mahakiranti
  - Kiranti
    - Central Kiranti
      - Dumi: खीबु (kʰibu, “dog”)
    - Eastern Kiranti
      - Northern Lorung: हुॽवा (huʔwa, “dog”)
      - Yakkha: कुचुमा (“dog”)
      - Yamphu: हुःॽवा (hu:'wā, “dog”)
      - Athpare: कोछुबा (kotsʰuba, “dog”)
  - Chepangic
    - Chepang: कुयः (kuyʔ, “dog”)
  - Magaric
    - Western Magar: चीउ (t͡ʃʲu, “dog”)
Tangut-Qiang
- Northern
  - Tangut: 𗘂 (*khjwɨ¹), 𗃝 (*bju¹)
- rGyalrongic
  - Situ: kʰəna, kʰə (possibly a loan from Tibetan)
Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
- Lolo-Burmese
  - Burmish
    - Burmese: ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”)
  - Loloish
    - Northern Loloish
      - Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “dog”)
Proto-Karen: *thwiᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
- S'gaw Karen: ထွံၣ် (hṭweè)
- Pa'o Karen: ထွီႏ
- Western Pwo: ထွံၪ
- Western Kayah: ꤓꤝꤤ꤬ (htwì)

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d-kʷəj-n

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

Noun

Descendants

See also