Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḡurayb-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Compare Latin corvus and Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz, with the same phonetic pattern: velar (+ close or mid-close vowel) + rhotic + bilabial.

Noun

*ḡurayb- m

raven, crow

Inflection

Declension of *ḡurayb-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ḡuraybum

*ḡuraybāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ḡuraybim

*ḡuraybayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ḡuraybam

possessive forms

1st person

*ḡuraybī / *ḡuraybVya

—

*ḡuraybVni

2nd person m

*ḡuraybVka

*ḡuraybVkumā / *ḡuraybVkumay

*ḡuraybVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ḡuraybVki

*ḡuraybVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ḡuraybVšu

*ḡuraybVšumā / *ḡuraybVšumay

*ḡuraybVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ḡuraybVša

*ḡuraybVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḡuraybuya for nom. case, *ḡuraybiya for gen. case, *ḡuraybaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḡurayb-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḡuraybuka	*ḡuraybāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ḡuraybika	*ḡuraybayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ḡuraybaka	*ḡuraybayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḡurayb-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḡuraybuki	*ḡuraybāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ḡuraybiki	*ḡuraybayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ḡuraybaki	*ḡuraybayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒌑𒉁𒂵 (erēbum, ḫerēbum, arēbu)
- Eblaite: 𒂵𒌷𒅤 (ga-ri₂-bu₃ /⁠ḡarību⁠/), 𒄩𒌷𒅤𒌝 (ḫa-ri₂-bu₃-um /⁠ḡarībum⁠/)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: غُرَاب (ḡurāb)
    - Maltese: għarab
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      - Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: עוֹרְבָא (ʿūrḇā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܥܽܘܪܒܳܐ (ʿūrḇā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: עוֹרֵב ('orév, ʿôrēḇ)
- Modern South Arabian:
  - Mehri: haġaráyb, yəġəráyb, yəġərēb
  - Shehri: ʾaġəréb
  - Soqotri: ʾáʿrəb
→ Old Armenian: ագռաւ (agṙaw) (possibly)

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