< Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian

Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Kartvelian

Etymology

Usually considered a borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁ō.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, the nature of relationship with it, as well as with Proto-West Semitic *wayn-, Aghwan 𐕔𐔼 (fi), Bats ვეჼ (vẽ), and the first part of Hattic [script needed] (finduqqaram, “wine-bearer”) may be more complicated.[9][10][11][12][13]

According to many, the borrowing occured via the (Pre-)Proto-Armenian ancestor of Old Armenian գինի (gini, “wine”), genitive գինւոյ (ginwoy), variously reconstructed as *ɣʷeinyo-, *ɣʷino- or *gwīníyo-.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Martirosyan describes the sound change Proto-Indo-European *w → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷ → Kartvelian *ɣw as impeccable[24] and observes it also in Proto-Indo-European *wi(H)- → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷi- (→ Old Armenian գի (gi, “juniper”)) → Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwiw-. According to others, however, the term was borrowed directly from Proto-Indo-European;[2] for example, Klimov (1998) agrees with the ultimate Proto-Indo-European origin of the word but denies derivation from Old Armenian գինի (gini), citing Diakonoff: "It cannot go back to Armenian gini because the change *w → g probably must have been accomplished there long before the first Kartvelian-Armenian contacts in the 7th–6th centuries B.C.".

Fähnrich, rejecting the Indo-European origin considered the word to be a native South Caucasian formation derived from the Proto-Kartvelian verbal root *ɣun- (“to bend”) (whence Georgian ღუნვა (ɣunva), გადაღუნავს (gadaɣunavs), etc).[30]

Even though agrohistorians regard the Caucasus and vicinity as the cradle of grape-growing and winemaking, this has not prevented Kartvelians from borrowing wine-related terminology from Indo-Europeans, for example in the cases of Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq- and Old Georgian ვაზი (vazi).

The ending of Svan ღვინ-ელ (ɣvin-el), ღვინ-ა̈ლ (ɣvin-äl) represents a petrified diminutive affix.

Alternative reconstructions

*ɣwn-[31]

Noun

*ɣwin(o)-

  1. wine

Reconstruction notes

If Svan ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl) is borrowed from Georgian, then *ɣwino- is reconstructible only to the Proto-Georgian-Zan stage.

Descendants
  • Proto-Georgian-Zan:
    • Old Georgian: ღჳნო (ɣwino)
      • Georgian: ღვინო (ɣvino), ღუ̈ნეჲ (ɣüney); ღინო (ɣino)
        • → Avar: гъино (ğino), гъвину (ğʷinu) — Antsukh
        • → Bezhta: гъино (ğino)
        • → Hinukh: гъино (ġino)
        • → Hunzib: гъино (ġino)
    • Zan:
  • ⇒ Svan: ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl)
  • >? Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza: *a-ʕʷә
    • ⇒ Abaza: гӏва-дза (ʻʷa-dza)
    • Abkhaz: аҩы (ajʷə)

References
  1. Gamkrelidze, Th. V., Ivanov, V. V. (1995) Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 80), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 560
  2. The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, p. 505+
  3. Asya Pereltsvaig, Martin W. Lewis (2015). The Indo-European Controversy, Cambridge University Press, p. 193-195
  4. Klimov, G. A. (1964) “ɣwino”, in Этимологический словарь картвельских языков [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Academy Press, pages 203–204
  5. Климов, Г. А. (1981) “Несколько картвельских индоевропеизмов [Several Kartvelian Indo-Europeanisms]”, in Этимология‎ (in Russian), number 1979, Moscow: Nauka, pages 171–173
  6. Klimov, G. A. (1998) “*ɣwino-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 227
  7. Yoël L. Arbeitman (2000), The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter, Peeters Publishers.
  8. Anna Siewierska (1998), Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  9. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 42
  10. Nichols, J. (1997) “The epicentre of the Indo-European linguistic spread”, in Blench, R., M. Spriggs, editors, Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations‎, London: Routledge, pages 126, 143
  11. Fenwick, Rhona S. H. (2017) “An Indo-European origin of Kartvelian names for two maloid fruits”, in Asatrian, Garnik S., editors, Iran and the Caucasus‎, volume 21, number 3, Brill, →DOI, page 311
  12. Климов, Г. А. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 79-82
  13. Schulze, Wolfgang (2001) The Udi Gospels: Annotated Text, Etymological Index, Lemmatized Concordance (Languages of the World/Text Library; 5)‎, Munich: Lincom Europa, page 277a
  14. Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, page 458
  15. Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971) “գինի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume I, Yerevan: University Press, page 559
  16. Vogt, Hans (1938) “Arménien et Caucasique du Sud”, in Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap (in French), volume 9, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 334 of 321–338, with hesitation
  17. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1987) Hayocʻ lezvi patmutʻyun; naxagrayin žamanakašrǰan [History of the Armenian language: The Pre-Literary Period]‎ (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 346
  18. Djahukian, Gevork B. (1990) “Did Armenians Live in Asia Anterior Before the Twelfth Century B.C.?”, in T. L. Markey and J. A. C. Greppin, editors, When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-Indo-Europeans, Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, page 31 of 25–33
  19. Dolgopolsky, Aron (1987) “The Indo-European homeland and lexical contacts of proto-Indo-European with other languages”, in Mediterranean Language Review‎, volume 3, page 20 of 7–31
  20. Gippert, Jost (1994) “Die Glottaltheorie und die Frage urindogermanisch-kaukasischer Sprachkontakte”, in Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, editor, In honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 25. bis 28. März 1993 in Kopenhagen‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, pages 117–120
  21. Greppin, John A. C. (1998) “Arm. գինի gini, Grg. ღჳნო ɣvino ‘wine’”, in Annual of Armenian linguistics‎, number 19, pages 65–69
  22. Gippert, Jost (2005) “Das Armenische — eine indogermanische Sprache im kaukasischen Areal”, in Gerhard Meiser, Olav Hacksteing, editors, Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel : Akten der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17.-23. September 2000, Halle an der Saale‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: L. Reichert, page 152, footnote 59
  23. Starostin, S. A. (2005) “*ɣwino-”, in Kartvelian etymological database compiled on the basis of G. Klimov's and Fähnrich-Sarjveladze's etymological dictionaries of Kartvelian languages
  24. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “gini”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 214
  25. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1059
  26. Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017) “Part 9: Armenian”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 429
  27. Gorton, Luke (2017) “Revisiting Indo-European ‘Wine’”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies‎, volume 45, numbers 1–2, page 22 of 1–26
  28. Lipp, Reiner (2019) “The Word for Wine in Anatolian, Greek, Armenian, Italic, Etruscan, Semitic and Its Indo-European Origin”, in Ronald I. Kim, Jana Mynářová, and Peter Pavúk, editors, Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years, Leiden and Boston: Brill, →DOI, page 204 of 195–229
  29. Thorsø, Rasmus (2022) “A New Look at Old Armenisms in Kartvelian”, in Armeniaca‎, volume 1, pages 101–102
  30. Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) “*ɣwin-”, in Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 486
  31. Asatiani et al., 2022
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