< Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic

Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/turu

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Etymology 1

The core meaning appears to be vine; line; string as a noun, and to hang down, as a line or string; to form or take the shape of a line or string (both transitive and intransitive) as a verb.

Cognate with *tura (“vine; line, string; line (of things), queue, procession”).

Pronunciation

Accent class: 2.2

Noun

*turu

  1. a vine
  2. a line or string
Descendants
vine
  • Old Japanese: 蔓 (turu)
    • Japanese: 蔓 (tsuru)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *turu
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Yonaguni: 蔓 (chirun)
line, string
  • Old Japanese: 弦 (turu)
    • Japanese: 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string; metal handle attached to both sides of a pot, under which the pot hangs”)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *turu
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Okinawan: 弦 (chiru)
      • Oki-No-Erabu: 弦 (chiru)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Yonaguni: 弦 (chirun)

Verb

*turu (infinitive 1 *turi, infinitive 2 *turay)

  1. to hang down, as a line or string
  2. to form or take the shape of a line or string
  3. to fish
Descendants
to hang; to fish
  • Old Japanese: 釣る, 吊る (turu)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *turi
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Okinawan: 釣いーん (chīn), 釣ゆん (chiyun)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Miyako: 釣 (tsïï)
      • Yonaguni: 釣るん (chirun)
to form or take the shape of a line or string
  • Old Japanese: 連る (turu)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *ture
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kunigami: 連りーるん (chirīrun)
      • Northern Amami-Oshima: 連るぃるり (tsïrïruri)
      • Okinawan: 連りゆん (tsiriyun)
      • Yoron: 連りゅん (chiryun)
    • Southern Ryukyuan: *suri, *sOari
      • Miyako: 連ㇲ゙ (sāz)
      • Yaeyama: 連るん (sārun)
      • Yonaguni: 連るん (surun)

Etymology 2

Appears to be distinct from *turu meaning vine; line; string; to hang.

Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a Pre-Proto-Japonic root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind (see pronunciation section below).[1] May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”), Hungarian daru (“crane”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation
  • Accent class: 2.5x
    • The Proto-Ryukyuan accent is irregular.

Noun

*turu

  1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
Descendants
  • Old Japanese: 鶴 (turu)
    • Japanese: 鶴 (tsuru)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *turu (tone class A)
      • Northern Ryukyuan:
        • Kikai: 鶴 (turu)
        • Kunigami: 鶴 (chirū /⁠tɕìɾúː⁠/)
        • Northern Amami-Oshima: 鶴 (tsïru)
        • Okinawan: 鶴 (tsiru /⁠tsíɾù⁠/)
        • Oki-No-Erabu: 鶴 (tsuru /⁠tsùɾú⁠/)
        • Southern Amami-Oshima: 鶴 (tïru /⁠tɨ̀ɾû⁠/)
        • ⇒ Toku-No-Shima: 鶴ん鳥 (tsïruntui) (< *turu-n-tui)
      • Southern Ryukyuan:
        • Miyako: 鶴 (churu)
        • Yaeyama: 鶴 (tsïru /⁠tsɨ́ɾù⁠/)
        • ⇒ Yonaguni: 鶴鳩 (chiru-hatu /⁠tɕìɾû.hàtù⁠/) (< *turu-pato)

References
  1. Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
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