< Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic

Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/pa

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Particle

*pa

  1. topic marker
Descendants
  • Old Japanese: は (pa)
    • Japanese: は (wa)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *wa
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kikai: や (ya)
      • Kunigami: や (ya)
      • Northern Amami-Oshima: や (ya)
      • Okinawan: や (ya)
      • Oki-No-Erabu: は (wa)
      • Southern Amami-Oshima: や (ya)
      • Toku-No-Shima: や (ya)
      • Yoron: や (ya)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Miyako: あ (a)
      • Yaeyama: あ (a)
      • Yonaguni: や (ya), あ (a)

Etymology 2

Possibly also related to *pa (“tooth; blade”), but the pitch accents do not match. For semantics, compare English blade.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pâ/

Accent class 1.2.

Noun

*pa

  1. leaf
Descendants
  • Old Japanese: 葉 (pa)
    • Japanese: 葉 (ha)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kikai:
        Aden: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Araki: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
        Kamikatetsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
        Nakasato: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
        Onotsu: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
        Sakamine: 葉 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)
        Shiomichi: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Shitōke: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
        Wan: 葉 (hā) (tone class AB)
      • Kunigami:
        Hentona: 葉 (fā)
        Iejima: 葉 (phā)
        Nago: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
        Nakijin: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
        Sakimotobu: 葉 (phā) (tone class A)
      • Northern Amami-Oshima:
        Naze: 葉 (ha) (tone class AB)
        Yuwan: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
      • Okinawan:
        Naha: 葉 (fā)
        Shuri: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
      • Oki-No-Erabu:
        Kamishiro: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
        Serikaku: 葉 (fā)
        Tetechina: 葉 (fā)
      • Southern Amami-Oshima:
        Koniya: 葉 (fā)
        Shodon: 葉 (fā) (tone class A)
      • Toku-No-Shima:
        Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
        Matsubara: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)
        San: 葉 (ha) (tone class A)
      • Yoron: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Miyako:
        Bora: 葉 (pā)
        Hirara: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Ikema: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)
        Irabu: 葉 (pā)
        Karimata: 葉 (pā)
        Kuninaka: 葉 (pā)
        Minna: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)
        Nobaru: 葉 (pā)
        Ōgami: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Ōura: 葉 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Sawada: 葉 (pā)
        Shimajiri: 葉 (pā)
        Tarama: 葉 (pā) (tone class B)
        Uechi: 葉 (pā)
      • Yaeyama:
        Hateruma: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
        Hatoma: 葉 (pā)
        Ishigaki: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
        Kohama: 葉 (pā)
        Kuroshima: 葉 (pā)
        Sonai: 葉 (pā)
        Taketomi: 葉 (pā) (tone class A)
      • Yonaguni: 葉 (hā) (tone class A)

Etymology 3

Cognate with *pa (“blade”).[1][2] Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pǎ/

Accent class 1.3.

Noun

*pa

  1. tooth
Descendants
  • Old Japanese: 歯 (pa)
    • Japanese: 歯 (ha)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *pa
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kikai:
        Aden: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Araki: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
        Kamikatetsu: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
        Nakasato: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
        Onotsu: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
        Sakamine: 歯 (pā, fā) (tone class AB)
        Shiomichi: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Shitōke: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
        Wan: 歯 (hā) (tone class AB)
      • Kunigami:
        Nakijin: 歯 (phā) (tone class B)
      • Northern Amami-Oshima:
        Naze: 歯 (ha) (tone class AB)
        Yuwan: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
      • Okinawan:
        Naha: 歯 (hā)
        Shuri: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
      • Oki-No-Erabu:
        Ashikiyora: 歯 (fā)
        Kamihirakawa: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
        Kamishiro: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
        Kunigami: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
        Tamina: 歯 (fā)
        Wadomari: 歯 (fā)
      • Southern Amami-Oshima:
        Shodon: 歯 (fā) (tone class B)
      • Toku-No-Shima:
        Asama: 歯 (hā)
        Kametsu: 葉 (hā) (tone class B)
      • Yoron: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Miyako:
        Bora: 歯 (pā)
        Hirara: 歯 (pā)
        Ikema: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)
        Irabu: 歯 (pā)
        Karimata: 歯 (pā)
        Kugai: 歯 (pā)
        Kurima: 歯 (pā)
        Minna: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
        Nobaru: 歯 (pā)
        Ōgami: 歯 (pā)
        Ōura: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
        Sarahama: 歯 (hā)
        Shimajiri: 歯 (pā)
        Tarama: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
        Uechi: 歯 (pā)
        Uruka: 歯 (pā)
        Yonaha: 歯 (pā) (tone class AB)
      • Yaeyama:
        Hatoma: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
        Ishigaki: 歯 (pā) (tone class B)
      • Yonaguni: 歯 (hā) (tone class B)

Etymology 4

Cognate with *pa (“tooth”).[1][2] Possibly also related to *pa (“leaf”), but the pitch accents do not match. Compare English blade (from Old English blæd (“leaf”)).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pǎ/

Accent class 1.3.

Noun

*pa

  1. blade
Descendants
  • Old Japanese: 刃 (pa)
    • Japanese: 刃 (ha)

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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