< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hwatā́wā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hwá (“self”) +‎ *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás, from Proto-Indo-European *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés, from *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwHsiH (“power, strength”), from *téwh₂s-ih₂[1]), *tewh₂- (“to be strong”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”).

Noun

*hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás m[2][3]

  1. lord, sovereign, king
  2. god

Derived terms
  • *hwatā́wniH f (“queen, lady, consort”)[2][4][5][6][7][8]
    • Proto-Sogdic: *xwətyʷḗn f[5] (< earlier *xwatyʷā́yn[6])
      • Sogdian: (/⁠xutēn⁠/)
        Sogdian script: 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻 (xwtʾyn), 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼳 (xwtʾynh)
        Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ɣwtynh), 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ɣwtʾynh)
        Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xwṯyn)
    • →? Proto-Turkic: *xātun (see there for further descendants)
    • →? Xiongnu: 閼氐 (ʔɑt̚-tei) (or ⭠ Saka *hvatujn[6])
  • *hwatā́wyah (“lord”)[2]
    • Bactrian: χοαδηο (xoadēo /⁠xwadēw⁠/) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Scythian: *hwaθyā́wi[9] (or ⭠ Caucasian, cf. Lezgian гъуцар (ġucar, “god”)[10])
      • Old Ossetic: *xučaw
        Alanic: χουτζαυ (khoutzau), χουτζαου (khoutzaou)
  • *friyahwatā́wyah (“devoted sovereign”)[11]
    • Bactrian: φρειχοαδηο (freixoadēo /⁠frīxwadēw⁠/)
    • Sogdian: [script needed] (pryxwʾw /⁠friyaxwatāw⁠/)

Descendants
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Saka: *hvatāu
      • Old Khotanese: 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦 (hvatana), [script needed] (hvatäna, “Khotan”, literally “the (land of the) lords[12]”)
        • Late Khotanese: [script needed] (hvaṃna), 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀦 (hvana), [script needed] (hvaṃ-)
        • → Ashokan Prakrit: [script needed] (khotana-)
        • → Middle Chinese: 于闐 (MC hju den|denH)
        • → Sogdian:
          Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼌𐼎𐼊𐼋 (ɣwδnyk)
        • → Tibetan: [script needed] (hu-ten), [script needed] (hu-den), [script needed] (huthen), [script needed] (yvu-then)
        • → Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvaḏane), [script needed] (hvaḏna)
      • Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvatā-), [script needed] (hvata-, “lord[13]”)
    • Proto-Sogdic: *xwətāw
      • Sogdian: (/⁠xutāw, xuδāw⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xwtʾw), 𐫟𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xtʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫂𐫇 (xwβw)
        Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼇 (ɣwtʾw)
        Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xwdʾw), [Syriac needed] (xwdw)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Parthian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇 (xwdʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Middle Persian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇 (xwdʾw /⁠xwadāw⁠/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
      • Classical Persian: خدا (xudā), خدای (xudāy), خداوند (xudāwand, “lord; God”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976) “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎, volume 18, numbers 3–4, Brill, page 249
  2. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423
  3. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103
  4. Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾynh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178b
  5. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 97
  6. Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9
  7. Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178a
  8. Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 181
  9. Bailey, H. W. (1980) “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry), volume I, London, page 254
  10. Abaev, V. I. (1985) “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, number 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, page 801‑803
  11. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76
  12. Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3
  13. Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90
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