< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/gā́wš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gā́wš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.

Noun

*gā́wš f

  1. cow

Derived terms
  • *gawštaH (“meat, flesh”)
  • *gā́wkah (“calf; cow”)
    • Ossetian:
      Digor Ossetian: гъог (ǧog)
      Iron Ossetian: хъуг (qug)
    • Khwarezmian: غوک (γwk /⁠*γawk, *γuk⁠/)
    • Shughni: [script needed] (γüej, “deer, horned wild animal”)
    • Baluchi: گوک (gúk, gok)
    • Old Mazanderani: گوک (guk)
      • Mazanderani: گوک (gowk, gūk, “calf”)
    • Classical Persian: گوگ (gōg), گوک (gôk, “calf”)
  • *gā́waj(án)ah (“ox-goad”) (Cognate with Sanskrit गवजन (gavájana, “whip, stick for driving cattle”))
    • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬰𐬀 (gauuāza)
    • Parthian: 𐫃𐫇𐫀𐫉 (gwʾz /⁠gawāz⁠/, “goad, prod”) (Cf. with Parthian 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫉𐫗 (xrʾzn /⁠xarāzan⁠/, “donkey-goad”))
      • → Old Armenian: գաւ-ազան (gaw-azan, “stick for driving animals”) (Cf. with Old Armenian խար-ազան (xar-azan, “donkey-goad; stick for driving animals”))
      • → Classical Persian: گواز (gawāz), گوازه (gavâza)
        • → Arabic: جواز (jawāz), جوازق (jawāzaq)
        • → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܓܵܒ݂ܲܙܵܐ (gavāza), ܠܵܒ݂ܲܙܵܐ (lavāza)

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (gūha, “ox”), [script needed] (gūhā, “cow”)
      • Wakhi: ɣ̌ыu
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: γαοι (gaoi /⁠gāw⁠/)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: (/⁠ɣāw; ɣaw, ɣow⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫀𐫇 (ɣʾw)
          Sogdian script: 𐼲𐼰𐼴 (ɣʾw)
          Syriac script: ܮܐܘ (γʾw), ܮܘ (γw)
        • Yagnobi: ғов (γow)
          • → Classical Persian: غاو (γāw)
  • Southeastern Iranian
    • Ormuri-Parachi:
    • Pashto: غوا (ghwā)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
      • Yidgha: غوو (γavō)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
          • Sarikoli: žaw
          • Shughni: з̌ов̌ (žōw)
        • Yazghulami: ғев̌ (ɣew)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: گا (ga)
      Laki: گا (ga), گۊ (gü)
      Northern Kurdish: ga
      Southern Kurdish: گا (ga)
    • Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
      • Sangisari: گو (gow)
      • Old Median:
        • Kermanic: (Isfahani) گاب (gāb), gu, (Kermani, Zoroastrian Dari) gow
        • Old Azari: گاو (gāw)
          • Harzani: گو (göw)
          • Karingani: غو (γo)
        • Talysh: (/⁠gāv⁠/)
          Arabic script: گاو
          Latin script: gav
      • Parthian: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw /⁠gāw⁠/)
      • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        • Gurani: گاۋ (gāʋ)
        • Zazaki: ga
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *gāuš
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠gāw⁠/) (< OP acc. *gāvam[1])
        Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TWRA)
        Pazend script: 𐬔𐬃 (gā̊)
        • Lurish:
          Northern Luri: گۉ (gow)
          Silakhori: گۋ (gü)
          Bakhtiari: گۉ (gow, go)
          Southern Luri: گا (gā), گۉ (gow)
        • Classical Persian: گاو (gāw)
          Dari: گاو (gāw)
          Persian: گاو (gâv), گاب (gâb) (perhaps via Northwestern)
          Tajik: гов (gov)
  1. Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017) Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 59: “OP *gāvam”
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