< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwanā ~ *Hćunás, from Proto-Indo-European *Héḱ-wō ~ *Hḱ-unés, possibly from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), compare *h₂éḱmō (“stone”), and perhaps Hittite [script needed] (NA4hé-kur /⁠NA4hekur⁠/, “rock-temple”).

A merger likely occured with the descendants of *Hácwr̥ ~ *Hcwán (“ploughshare”), whence Ossetian ӕфсӕн (æfsæn, “ploughshare”), Middle Persian 𐫃𐫀𐫇 𐫀𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗 (gʾw ʾʾhwn /⁠gāwāhun⁠/, “ploughshare”), Central Kurdish گاسن (gasn, “ploughshare”), derived from the same root.

Noun

*Hácwā ~ *Hcunáh m

  1. iron, ironstone

Derived terms
  • *Hácwanyah (“of iron”)[1] (+ *-yah)
    • Proto-Scythian: *aswani (see there for further descendants)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾspny), [script needed] (sbny /⁠(ə)spanī⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
    • Sogdian: ܣܦܝܢ sg (spyn /⁠(ə)spen, (ə)span⁠/), [Syriac needed] pl (spyntʾ, “iron; iron fetter; chain”)
      • ⇒ Sogdian: ܣܦܢܝܩ (spnyq), [Syriac needed] (sfnyq /⁠spanīk, sfanīk⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
    • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsyn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhyn' /⁠āsēn, āhēn⁠/)
      • ⇒ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsynyn' /⁠āhēnēn⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
  • *Háyahcwanah[2] (+ *Háyah (“iron, metal”))
    • Proto-Scythian: *ēswani
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ēśwani
        • Proto-Saka: *hēśśani
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (hīśśanä)
        • Wakhi: išn, yišn
  • *HcwánayHnah (“of iron”) (+ *-ayHnah)
    • Old Avestan: *spanaēna
      • ⇒ Old Avestan: *haospanaēna (literally “of good iron”) (+ 𐬵𐬎- (hu-))
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 f (haosafnaēna, “of steel”)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (spnynk)
    • Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼏 (ʾspnʾyn /⁠(ə)spanēn⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
      • ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spanēnč⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝 (spnync), 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝𐫀 (spnyncʾ)
        Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (spnync), [Syriac needed] (spnyncʾ)
      • ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spanēnē⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫏 (ʾspnyny)
        Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnʾynʾʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnʾynʾk), 𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼊 (spnʾynʾy), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnynʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼎𐼊 (ʾspnny)

Descendants
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Pathan: *ṓspəna[3][4]
      • Pashto: وسپنه f (wë́spëna), اوسپنه (óspëna)
    • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
      • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (ṣ̌pïn)
      • Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊšpōṇ)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *ūspən
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: *ȫspən
        • Munji: [script needed] (yūspə́n)
        • Yidgha: رسپن (rispën)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *æspən
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *spən
          • Sarikoli: spin, sipin
          • Shughni: сипин (sipin), (Khufi) сипун (sipun), (Oroshori) [Term?] (“sẹpin”)
        • Yazghulami: сәпон (səpon), спон (spon), сәпй̊н (səpẙn), спй̊н (spẙn)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: آسن (âsin, âsan)
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: ئاسن (asn)
      Northern Kurdish: hesin, asin
      Southern Kurdish: ئاسن (asn)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
      • Lasgerdi: آسین (āsīn)
      • Old Median:
        • Middle Median:
          • Kermanic: (Zoroastrian Dari) vohen
          • Harzani: اسن (ösön)
          • Talysh: آسین (âsin), اسون (asön)
        • Semnani: آسین (āsīn)
      • Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗 (ʾswn /⁠āsun⁠/)
        • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗 (ʾswnyn), 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗 (ʾʾswnyn)
      • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *asā ~ *aθunaʰ
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠āhun, āhan⁠/)
        Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗 (ʾhwn)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhn')
        • Lurish:
          Northern Luri: آهه (āhe)
          Bakhtiari: آهن (āhen)
        • Classical Persian: آهن (āhan)
          Dari: آهن (āhan)
          Iranian Persian: آهن (āhan, āhen)
          Tajik: оҳан (ohan)
          Tat: ohu
          • → Baluchi: آهن (àhin)
          • Mazanderani: آهین (āhīn)
          • → Zoroastrian Dari: آهن (āhen)
          • → Yagnobi: оҳан (ohan)

Further reading
  • Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 177: “*ā́swanyā-; *āsuna-”
  • Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 25: “*su̯ana-”
  • Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*(a)śu̯ana-, *(a)śu̯ina- (?)”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 246-247

References
  1. Bailey, H. W. (1979) “hīśśana-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 486-487: “*aśu̯anya-; *aśu̯ana-”
  2. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*ai̯ah-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 146-147: “*ai̯ah- + *śu̯ana-,”
  3. Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 399: “*ātsu̯anii̯ā”
  4. Morgenstierne, Georg (2003) “'ospəna”, in Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 18: “Indo-Ir *ā̆ś(u)u̯an(y)ā- > Pš *auspana-; cf. Khot hīśśana- (DKS 486), Khwar ʾspny, Sogd spnync; Man MPrs ʾʾhwn (< *āθuna-), Pth ʾʾswn; Bal, Kurd āsin (< *āsuna-)”
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