< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/gʰr̥dʰás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥dʰ-ó-s, from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”).[1]

Noun

*gʰr̥dʰás m

  1. enclosure
  2. house

Declension
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *gʰr̥dʰás *gʰr̥dʰā́ *gʰr̥dʰā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative *gʰr̥dʰa *gʰr̥dʰā́ *gʰr̥dʰā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative *gʰr̥dʰám *gʰr̥dʰā́ *gʰr̥dʰā́ns
instrumental *gʰr̥dʰā́ *gʰr̥dʰáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām *gʰr̥dʰā́yš
ablative *gʰr̥dʰā́t *gʰr̥dʰáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām *gʰr̥dʰáybʰyas
dative *gʰr̥dʰā́y *gʰr̥dʰáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām *gʰr̥dʰáybʰyas
genitive *gʰr̥dʰásya *gʰr̥dʰáyās *gʰr̥dʰā́na(H)m
locative *gʰr̥dʰáy *gʰr̥dʰáyaw *gʰr̥dʰáyšu

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰás
    • Sanskrit: गृह (gṛhá, “house”)
    • Sanskrit: *गृध (gṛdha, “fort”)[2]
      • Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀕𑀠 (*gaḍha) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dáh[3]
    • Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gərəδa, “daeva cave”)
    • Old Persian: *gr̥dah (“household slaves”)[1]
      • Middle Persian: (“the gang, the villeins labouring on the estates of the kings, the satraps, the magnates, etc.; in war their military crew”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gʾl /⁠gāl⁠/)
      • → Akkadian: 𒃼𒁺 (qardu; gardu) (disputed, more likely from 𒃼𒁺 (/⁠gardu⁠/, “soldier, military personnel, trooper”))
        • → Aramaic: גרדא (grdʾ)
      • → Elamite: 𒆳𒌨 (kurtaš)
    • Persian: کرت (kart, “plot, field, patch”)
    • → Old Armenian: գերդաստան (gerdastan, “body of servants and captives”) (or inherited from Indo-European)
    • → Proto-Permic: *gɔrt (“home”) (from an uncertain early Iranian language) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “gerdastan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 209
  2. Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gaḍha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 213
  3. Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “gāl”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 80ab
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