Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)tewd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

Root

*(s)tewd-

to push, to hit

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)tewd-‎ (9 c, 0 e)

*stud-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *studēō
  - Latin: studeō
*tud-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)
- Proto-Celtic: *tudeti
  - Old Irish: do·tuit
    - Middle Irish: do·fuit, ·tuit
      - Irish: tuit, tit
      - Manx: tuitt
      - Scottish Gaelic: tuit
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tudáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tudáti
    - Sanskrit: तुदति (tudáti)
*tu-né-d-ti ~ *tu-n-d-énti (nasal infix present)
- ⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) (see there for further descendants)
- Albanian: tund
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti
    - Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)[1]
    - Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)
      
      Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)
      - Persian: تند (tond)
        → Armenian: թունդ (tʻund)
        → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܬܘܢܕ (tund)
        → Azerbaijani: tünd
        → Khalaj: tund
        → Kyrgyz: түнт (tünt)
        → Ottoman Turkish: تند (tund, tünd)
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: توند (tund)
      
      Northern Kurdish: tund
  - Zazaki: tun
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: tundō
*stówd-e-ti (o-grade intensive)[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *stautaną (see there for further descendants)
*(s)te-(s)tówd-e ~ *(s)te-(s)tud-ḗr (stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwda
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwda
    - Sanskrit: तुतोद (tutóda)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: tutudī
*towd-ó-s (“driver”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawdás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawdás
    - Sanskrit: तोद (todá)
*téwd-ti-s ~ *tud-téy-s
- Italic:
  - Latin: tussis
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *stūdnja
  - Albanian: shtyj
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Τυδεύς (Tudeús), Τυνδάρεος (Tundáreos)
- Italic:
  - Latin: tudes, tuditō, studium

References

Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 390
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stautan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476

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[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 390

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stautan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476