< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/seǵʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*seǵʰ-[1][2][3][4][5]

  1. to overpower
  2. to take hold of

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *seǵʰ-‎ (38 c, 0 e)
  • *séǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[1][6][5]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *hékʰō (“to possess, retain, have”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáȷ́ʰatay
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáźʰatay
        • Sanskrit: सहते (sáhate, “to overpower, conquer”, 3sg.med.) (see there for further descendants)
  • *séǵʰ-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)[5]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *héksō[5]
  • *sḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *séǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásāȷ́žʰat
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásāḍẓʰat
        • Sanskrit: असाक्षि (ásākṣi, 1sg.med.), सक्षत् (sákṣat, “to overpower”, 3sg.subj.act.)
  • *se-sóǵʰ-e ~ *se-sǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[1]
    • >? Proto-Tocharian: *sākā (“remain (behind); to restrain”)[7]
      • Tocharian A: sākam
      • Tocharian B: sākāu
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ȷ́ʰa
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́źʰa
        • Sanskrit: ससाह (sasā́ha), ससाहे (sasā́he, “to defeat, be victorious”, 3sg.med.)
  • *sǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root aorist)[5]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ḗskʰe
  • *si-séǵʰ-ti ~ *si-sǵʰ-énti (i-reduplicated present)[1][2][5]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *hískʰō[5][7]
      • Ancient Greek: ἴσχω (ískhō, “bring to a halt, hold on”)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰσχύς (iskhús) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sí-sǵʰ-se-ti (i-reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)[1][5]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sízȷ́žatay
  • *soǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰeyō
      • Ancient Greek: ὀχέω (okhéō, “to have, hold”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāȷ́ʰáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sāźʰáyati
        • Sanskrit: साहयति (sāháyati)
  • *seǵʰ-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saždʰás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saẓḍʰás
        • Sanskrit: साढ (sāḍhá)
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: अषाढ (ásāḍha) (with unexplained sibilant retroflexion and accent shift)
  • *séǵʰ-tōr ~ *sǵʰ-tr-és
    • Proto-Hellenic: *héktōr
      • Ancient Greek: ἕκτωρ (héktōr, “holding fast”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *Héktōr (personal name) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáždʰā
  • *sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *swinþaz, *sundaz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saȷ́ʰwāns (secondary?)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰwāns
        • Sanskrit: सह्वत् (sahvat, nom.sg.), सह्वन् (sáhvan, “powerful , mighty”, voc.sg.)
  • *sóǵʰ-o-s
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *hókʰos

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 515-516
  2. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 123: “*seĝh-”
  3. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 888
  4. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “seǵʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 600-2
  5. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 143; 169-170; 515: “*seǵʰ-;*seǵʰoH₂ > *hekʰō;*seǵʰ-s- > *seks- > "heksō;*si-ǵʰ-s-;*e-sǵʰ- > ἔσχον;*hiskʰō < *si-sǵʰ-”
  6. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “SAH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 717-718
  7. Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “sāk-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 743-744
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