< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₃ep-

  1. to work, toil, make
  2. ability, force

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ep-‎ (12 c, 0 e)
  • *h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp
  • *h₃op-éh₂
  • *h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s[1]
    • Proto-Italic: *opis
  • *h₃ép-lom[2]
    • Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₃ep-en-o-
    • *h₃ep-en-ont-[3]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /⁠ḫappinanta⁠/)
      • (perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)
  • *h₃ép-n-i-s
    • Proto-Italic: *opnis
      • Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
      • Oscan: úinim
  • *h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas
  • *h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-[4]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas
      • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *opos
      • Latin: opus
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō
        • Latin: operor
        • Oscan:
          𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)
          𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)
          οπσανω (gerundive.acc.pl.n.)
          𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)
          𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (3p.pf.)
          𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)
        • Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)
        • South Picene:
          ·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (opesaúom, inf.)
          ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (opsút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (opsúq, 3s.pf.)
        • Umbrian:
          osatu (3s.ipv.II)
          oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)
        • Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)
  • *h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-[5]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /⁠ḫāppar⁠/)
  • *h₃ép-s-tu-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus
      • Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)
  • Armenian: (perhaps)
  • Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)
  • Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)

References
  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ops”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*afla- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 2
  3. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫappina-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 346-347
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “opus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432
  5. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāppar-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 345-346
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