< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/néh₂us
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
An agent noun originally meaning "swimmer, that which swims" derived from *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”).[1]
(Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that it is a borrowing from the Proto-Semitic term from which Arabic إِنَاء (ʔināʔ) descends and which is of no distinct form to be discerned from its distorted descendants: *ʔunw(at)-, *ʔunawāy-, *ʔunuwāy-, *ʔuniwāy- (“jar, vessel; boat”).
Declension
| Inflection of *néh₂us | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | *néh₂us | ? | *néh₂wes |
| Vocative | *néh₂us | ? | *néh₂wes |
| Accusative | *néh₂wm̥, *néh₂um | ? | *néh₂uns |
| Instrumental | *neh₂wéh₁ | ? | *neh₂ubʰí |
| Dative | *neh₂wéy | ? | *neh₂umós |
| Ablative | *neh₂wés | ? | *neh₂umós |
| Genitive | *neh₂wés | ? | *neh₂wóHom |
| Locative | *néh₂u, *néh₂wi | ? | *neh₂usú |
The inflection found in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit (*néh₂-u-s ~ *neh₂-w-és) does not correspond to the traditional ablaut patterns of PIE and probably represents a later levelling or reinterpretation. Original paradigms which have been proposed include:[1]
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *n̥h₂ḗws | ||
| genitive | *n̥h₂wés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *n̥h₂ḗws | *n̥h₂ḗwh₁(e) | *n̥h₂ḗwes |
| vocative | *n̥h₂ḗw | *n̥h₂ḗwh₁(e) | *n̥h₂ḗwes |
| accusative | *n̥h₂ḗm | *n̥h₂ḗwh₁(e) | *n̥h₂ḗwm̥s |
| genitive | *n̥h₂wés | *? | *n̥h₂wóHom |
| ablative | *n̥h₂wés | *? | *n̥h₂wmós |
| dative | *n̥h₂wéy | *? | *n̥h₂wmós |
| locative | *n̥h₂ḗw, *n̥h₂ḗwi | *? | *n̥h₂wsú |
| instrumental | *n̥h₂wéh₁ | *? | *n̥h₂wmís |
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *néh₂us | ||
| genitive | *n̥h₂wés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *néh₂us | *néh₂uh₁(e) | *néh₂ewes |
| vocative | *néh₂u | *néh₂uh₁(e) | *néh₂ewes |
| accusative | *néh₂um | *néh₂uh₁(e) | *néh₂ums |
| genitive | *n̥h₂wés | *? | *n̥h₂wóHom |
| ablative | *n̥h₂wés | *? | *n̥h₂wmós |
| dative | *n̥h₂wéy | *? | *n̥h₂wmós |
| locative | *n̥h₂éw, *n̥h₂éwi | *? | *n̥h₂wsú |
| instrumental | *n̥h₂wéh₁ | *? | *n̥h₂wmís |
Derived terms
- *neh₂w(i)yos
- *neh₂w(i)-h₂eǵ-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naHuHaȷ́ás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *nāwi-agō
- Latin: navigo (“to sail”)
- *neh₂w(i)-wedʰ-
Descendants
- Proto-Armenian: *nawa-
- Old Armenian: նաւ (naw)
- Proto-Celtic: *nāwā[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *nōaz (perhaps, with labiovelar from *Hw) *nakwô[3]
- Old Norse: nór
- Icelandic: nór
- Old Norse: nór
- Proto-Hellenic: *náus[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náHuš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *naus ~ *nāwis[5]
- Latin: nāvis
- Illyrian: *Nauna, *Nauportus (toponyms)
References
- Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*néh₂-u-, *neh₂-u̯-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 515-19
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*nāwā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 285
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nakwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ναῦς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 999
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nāvis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 402-403
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 500
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 249
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 74
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