Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷeys-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended from *kʷey- (“to perceive”).

Root

*kʷeys-[1][2][3][4][5]

to see; to heed

Derived terms

*kʷéyst (root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyšt
  - Proto-Iranian: *čáyšt
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙 (cōišt, 3sg.inj)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (cōišta, 3pl.inj)
*kʷi-né-s-ti ~ *kʷi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix athematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *činásti
  - Proto-Iranian: *činástī
    - Avestan:
      Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯 (cinas, 3sg.inj), 𐬗𐬍𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (cīšmahī, 3pl.ind)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cinasti, “to decide, determine”, 3sg.ind)
*kʷís-e-ti ~ *kʷís-o-nti (simple thematic present)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷiseti
  - ⇒ Gaulish: pissiumi (“I will see”)
  - ⇒ Old Irish: adcí (“to see, behold”) (+ *h₂éd)
*kʷis-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čištás
  - >? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćiṣṭás (“message”)[6]
    - Sanskrit: *चिष्ट (ciṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *čištáh
    - ⇒ Middle Persian: nʾmcšt' (/⁠nāmčišt⁠/, “known by name”)[7]
*kʷoys-ó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kayšás
  - Proto-Iranian: *kayšás
    - Avestan: 𐬝𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (t̰kaēša, “teaching”)
    - Middle Persian: kyš (/⁠kēš⁠/, “dogma, faith”)
      - Persian: کیش (kêš, “religion”)
*kʷóyseh₂
- Proto-Italic: *kʷoizā
  - Latin: cura (see there for further descendants)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k^u̯ei̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 381
Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*čaiš (*kaiš)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 30
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ad-kʷis-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 25
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 156
Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kois-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 611
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*ciṣṭa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 57

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[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k^u̯ei̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 381

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*čaiš (*kaiš)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 30

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ad-kʷis-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 25

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 156

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kois-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 611

[6] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*ciṣṭa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[7] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 57