< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology 1

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”)[3][4], but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.[1]

Root

*h₂welh₁-[5]

  1. to rule
  2. strong, powerful
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂welh₁- (rule)‎ (27 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)[6][4]
    • Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /⁠hullezi⁠/, “to smash, to defeat”)
  • *h₂wl̥h₁-eh₁-(ye)-ti[7]
  • *h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti[8]
    • Proto-Celtic: *walnati (“to rule, govern”)
  • *welh₁-t ~ *wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)[9]
    • Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (1st p. past tense)
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (back formation)[9]
  • *h₂wl̥h₁-etro-s[10]
    • Proto-Celtic: *walatros (“ruler”)
  • *wolh₁-neh₂-mō ~ *wl̥h₁-neh₂-m̥n-és[11]
    • Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)
      • ⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)
      • ⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)
  • *h₂wl̥h₁-ont-s[12][13]
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)
      • Tocharian B: walo (“king”)
  • *h₂wl̥h₁-o-s[14]
    • Proto-Celtic: *walos (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s[15]
    • Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (see there for further descendants)

Extended form *h₂welh₁-dʰ-.

  • *h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)[1]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *volsti
  • *h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)[16]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:[2]
      • Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-iterative)[17]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)
  • *h₂wolh₁-dʰ-tis
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit”)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *voldь
        • Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Etymology 2

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).

Root

*h₂welh₁-[19]

  1. hair; wool
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂welh₁- (wool)‎ (100 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂wolh₁-ḱ-os
    • Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂wolh₁-ḱ-nom
    • Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic:
      • Old English: wlōh
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Baltic:
    • Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts
      • Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)
        • Northern Nuristani:
          • Kamkata-viri:
            Kamviri: varúk
          • Prasuni: vórik
        • Southern Nuristani:
          • Ashkun: vorṓk
          • Waigali: vërëk
    • Italic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *voldь
      • Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)
      • Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)
        • → Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)
      • (?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka
        • Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)

See also

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯elH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 676-77
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*volděti; *voldati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 524
  3. Derksen, Rick (2015) “valdyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 485–486
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫullezi-/ḫull-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358: “*h₂ul-né-h₁-ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁-énti”
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ul-ne-h₁ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁enti”
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ulh₁-eh₁”
  8. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wal-na”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 402: “*wl-neh₂-”
  9. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂ulh₁-t-”
  10. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 402: “*wlh₂etro-”
  11. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 402: “*wolH-neh₂-(mōn)”
  12. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂wlh₁-ont-”
  13. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulH-nt”
  14. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 402: “*wlHo-”
  15. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulHti-”
  16. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eh₁”
  17. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*waldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569: “*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eie-”
  18. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vȏlstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 526
  19. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1139
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