< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).

Verb

*h₁ésti (imperfective)[1]

  1. to be

Inflection
Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular *h₁ésti
3rd plural *h₁sénti
Active voice Present indicative Past indicative Imperative Subjunctive Optative
1st singular *h₁ésmi *h₁ésm̥ — *h₁ésoh₂ *h₁syéh₁m̥
2nd singular *h₁ési *h₁és *h₁és, *h₁sdʰí *h₁ésesi *h₁syéh₁s
3rd singular *h₁ésti *h₁ést *h₁éstu *h₁éseti *h₁syéh₁t
1st dual *h₁swós *h₁swé — *h₁ésowos *h₁sih₁wé
2nd dual *h₁stés *h₁stóm *h₁stóm *h₁ésetes *h₁sih₁tóm
3rd dual *h₁stés *h₁stā́m *h₁stā́m *h₁ésetes *h₁sih₁tā́m
1st plural *h₁smós *h₁smé — *h₁ésomos *h₁sih₁mé
2nd plural *h₁sté *h₁sté *h₁sté *h₁ésete *h₁sih₁té
3rd plural *h₁sénti *h₁sént *h₁séntu *h₁ésonti *h₁sih₁ént
Participle *h₁sónts

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Albanian: *esmi
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: եմ (em), ես (es), է (ē), են (en), (probably) -ի- (-i-) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)
  • Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
    • Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)
      Aeolic: ἔμμι (émmi)
      Cretan: ἠμί (ēmí)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: ste (“is”)

References
  1. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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