< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰrendʰ-[1][2][3][4]

  1. beam, plank
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰrendʰ-‎ (10 c, 0 e)
  • *gʰrendʰ-is
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)
      • Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *grindilaz
        • Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ
      • Old Prussian: *grandā[5]
        • ⇒ grandico
    • Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā
      • Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrondʰ-il-os
    • Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz
      • Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

See also
  • ?*gʰren- (“front edge, protrusion”)
  • Proto-Germanic *grumþuz (“ground”), which apparently points to *gʰrem-

References
  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*grunda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 273-274
  2. Derksen, Rick (2015) “grinda”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
  3. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grę̄dà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 187-188
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  5. Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997) “grandico”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎ (in Lithuanian), Vilnius

Further reading

Etymology 2

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).

Root

*gʰrendʰ-[1]

  1. to grind, rub
  2. granule, particle, grain (of sand)
  3. lump, mass
Alternative reconstructions
Reconstruction notes

Given the variety of conflicting reconstructions and fairly wide semantic range, existence of this root is uncertain.

Derived terms
  • *gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
    • Proto-Albanian:
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-
      • Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • >? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrendʰ-éh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰrendʰ-o-
    • Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą
      • Proto-West Germanic: *grind
        • Old Dutch: *grint n
          • Middle Dutch: grint
            • Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)
        • Old High German: grint m
          • Middle High German: grint
            • German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)
  • *gʰróndʰ-o-
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f
      • >? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f[7][8]
    • Proto-Germanic: *grandą n
      • Proto-West Germanic: *grand
        • Old Saxon:
          • Middle Low German:
            • Low German: grand (“rough sand”)
      • Old Norse: *grand
        • Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)
  • *gʰrondʰ-ō
    • Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ[8]
      • Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

References
  1. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015) “gręsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χόνδρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1643
  6. Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 251
  7. Olander, Thomas (2001) “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
  8. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒranðō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140

Further reading
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