< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰébʰōl

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions
  • *gʰébʰ-l̥ n[1]
  • *gʰébʰh₂-l̥, *gʰébʰh₂-ōl[1] (see notes)

Etymology

Uncertain,[2] but seemingly from *gʰebʰ- (“to give; to take?”) +‎ *-ōl / *-l̥. Similar in formation to the synonym *káp-ōl, which likewise may be from *kap- (“to seize”), a sound-symbolic “chiming root” to *gʰebʰ-.

Noun

*gʰébʰōl m or f [1]

  1. head
    Synonyms: *kap-, *ḱérh₂sō
  2. top

Inflection
Athematic, amphikinetic
singular
nominative *gʰébʰōl
genitive *gʰbʰlés
singular dual plural
nominative *gʰébʰōl *gʰébʰolh₁(e) *gʰébʰoles
vocative *gʰébʰol *gʰébʰolh₁(e) *gʰébʰoles
accusative *gʰébʰolm̥ *gʰébʰolh₁(e) *gʰébʰolm̥s
genitive *gʰbʰlés *? *gʰbʰlóHom
ablative *gʰbʰlés *? *gʰbʰl̥mós
dative *gʰbʰléy *? *gʰbʰl̥mós
locative *gʰbʰél, *gʰbʰéli *? *gʰbʰl̥sú
instrumental *gʰbʰléh₁ *? *gʰbʰl̥mís

Reconstruction notes

Root-final *h₂ may be assumed to account for Greek a, but this is unnecessary[1] (compare Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós) < *h₃m̥bʰ-l̥-ós).
According to Kroonen, the Germanic forms with root vowel *a may reflect an o-grade accusative singular *gʰobʰélm̥.[1]

Descendants
  • Proto-Germanic: *gebla-, *gabla- m (“head; top, summit; gable”)[1]
    • Proto-West Germanic: *gebl m
      • Old High German: gebal (“head, cranium”)
        • Middle High German: gebel (“skull”)
    • Proto-West Germanic: *gebil m (“gable”)
      • Old Dutch:
      • Old High German: gibil; gibilla f
        • Middle High German:
    • Old Norse: gafl
    • Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌻𐌰 (gibla, “pinnacle”)
  • (pre-)Proto-Hellenic: *kʰépʰəl
    • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *kepʰəlā́ f
  • Proto-Tocharian: *ćäpāl(ä) n (“head”)[3]
    • Tocharian A: śpāl
    • Tocharian B: śpāl
  • Unknown:
    • →? Latin: Cībalae
    • →? Ancient Greek: γαβαλάν (gabalán)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gebla(n)- ~ *gabla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
  2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κεφαλή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682–683
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “לpāl*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703
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