< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Presumedly a compound *ḱ(e)- +‎ *ís, or nominalized from the particle as *ḱí +‎ *-s by analogy to *(h₁)ís (from *h₁é?) and *kʷís (from *kʷ-?).

Pronoun

*ḱís

  1. this (here)

Inflection

This pronoun needs an inflection-table template.

Alternative forms
  • *ḱéys (full-grade) ?
  • *ḱí (particle) ?

Reconstruction notes

An innovative pronoun which could have formed independently in some branches, though it appears archaic given its presence in Anatolian. Like *só, it widely came to be used as a determiner in descendant languages; it also commonly became a bound morpheme in prefixal or suffixal position (more at *ḱe).

Derived terms
  • *ḱíteros[1]
  • *ḱitm̥mós[1]
    • Proto-Italic: *kitəmos

Descendants
  • Proto-Albanian: *tˢja ? (< *ḱy-ós)
  • Proto-Anatolian: *ḱí[5]
    • Hittite: 𒆠𒄿 n (ki-i /⁠kī⁠/)
    • Luwian: 𒍣- (zi-, plural stem of 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)), [script needed] (zin … zin, “on the one hand … on the other”)
    • ⇒ *ḱyód
      • Palaic: [script needed] (kii̯at, “here”, adverb)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śis (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hiz[6] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kéis, *kís[5] ?
    • ⇒ *(é-)key-enos (“that one there”) (+ *é-, + *énos (“that”))
    • ⇒ *ťi-āmeron (“[on] this day”) (+ *ā́mər (“day”), + *-on)
    • ⇒ *ťi-wétes (“[in] this year”) (+ *wétos (“year”))
      • Ancient Greek: σῆτες (sêtes), τῆτες (têtes)
  • Proto-Italic: *ki(s)[1]
    • Latin: cis (preposition)

References
  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115–116: “PIt. *ki ‘here, by’, *ki-tero-; PIE *ḱi ‘this, here’”
  2. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sot”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
  3. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sonte”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
  4. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sivjet”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 397
  5. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”
  6. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225
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