Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grubaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*gahrubaz

Etymology

Origin uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *gʰrubʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewbʰ-. Related to Lithuanian grubus (“rough”), Serbo-Croatian grȗb (“rough, coarse”).

Alternatively from *ga- +‎ *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣru.βɑz/

Adjective

*grubaz

coarse, rough

Inflection

Declension of *grubaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*grubaz	*grubai	*grubō	*grubôz	*grubą, -atō	*grubō
Accusative	*grubanǭ	*grubanz	*grubǭ	*grubōz	*grubą, -atō	*grubō
Genitive	*grubas, -is	*grubaizǫ̂	*grubaizōz	*grubaizǫ̂	*grubas, -is	*grubaizǫ̂
Dative	*grubammai	*grubaimaz	*grubaizōi	*grubaimaz	*grubammai	*grubaimaz
Instrumental	*grubanō	*grubaimiz	*grubaizō	*grubaimiz	*grubanō	*grubaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*grubô	*grubaniz	*grubǭ	*grubōniz	*grubô	*grubōnō
Accusative	*grubanų	*grubanunz	*grubōnų	*grubōnunz	*grubô	*grubōnō
Genitive	*grubiniz	*grubanǫ̂	*grubōniz	*grubōnǫ̂	*grubiniz	*grubanǫ̂
Dative	*grubini	*grubammaz	*grubōni	*grubōmaz	*grubini	*grubammaz
Instrumental	*grubinē	*grubammiz	*grubōnē	*grubōmiz	*grubinē	*grubammiz

Related terms

*greubô
*greupaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *grob, *gahrob
- Old Frisian: *grof
  - Saterland Frisian: groaf
  - West Frisian: grof
- Old Saxon: *grof
  - Middle Low German: grof, grōv-
    - Low German: groff
    - Plautdietsch: groff
    - → Old Norse: grófr (descendants may reflect other forms)
      - Norwegian: grov
      - Danish: grov
      - Old Swedish: grōver
        Swedish: grov
- Old Dutch: *grof
  - Middle Dutch: grof
    - Dutch: grof
      - Afrikaans: grof
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: grofu
      - Negerhollands: grof
        → Virgin Islands Creole: grof (dated)
      - → Papiamentu: gròf, grof
      - → Sranan Tongo: grofu
        → Caribbean Hindustani: grofu
        → Caribbean Javanese: grofu
        → Saramaccan: goófu
    - Limburgish: graof
    - → English: gruff
- Old High German: grob, girob
  - Middle High German: grop, grob
    - German: grob
  - ⇒ Old High German: griobo (noun) (< *greubô)
    - Middle High German: griebe
      - Alemannic German: Grüübi
      - German: Griebe

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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