< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/elmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms
  • *almaz (Northern only)[1][2]
  • *ulmaz (Western only)[2]

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁él(e)m (“mountain elm”).

Kroonen (2011) regards the variant *ulmaz as evidence of an ablauting paradigm, most likely *elm ~ *ulmaz from an amphikinetic m-stem *h₁él-m̥ ~ *h₁l̥-m-ós (compare *armaz and *halmaz for potentially the same type).[2] However, this lemma is not included in his 2013 dictionary.[3]

Noun

*elmaz m[1]

  1. elm tree
  2. wood from an elm tree

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *elmaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *elmaz *elmōz, *elmōs
vocative *elm *elmōz, *elmōs
accusative *elmą *elmanz
genitive *elmas, *ilmis *elmǫ̂
dative *ilmai *elmamaz
instrumental *elmō *elmamiz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *elm, *alm, *ulm, *olm
    • Old English: elm, *ulm m
    • Old Saxon: elm, alm m (alm in placenames)
      • Middle Low German: elme, elm, olm m
        • Low German: Elm, Ölm, Ilm, Ülm
    • Old Dutch: *olm m, alma f, alme-, elme-, helme- (in placenames)
    • Old High German: elm, ilme, elmo m
      • Middle High German: ëlm, ëlme, elmene, ilm, ilme, ilmene f
        • Alemannic German: Elme, Ilme, Olme
        • ⇒ Middle High German: ilmboum, ilmpoum
    • >? Old High German: ulm m (native or borrowed from Latin ulmus?)
      • Middle High German: ulme f (new borrowing from Latin, or back-formation from ulmboum and influenced by Latin?)
      • ⇒ Old High German: ulmboum
        • Middle High German: ulmboum, ulmpoum
  • Old Norse: almr
    • Icelandic: álmur
    • Faroese: álmur
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: alm; (dialectal) æłm, ålm’e, åm’e
    • Norwegian Bokmål: alm
    • Swedish: alm
    • ⇒ Old Norse: elmi (collective)
      • Danish: elm
      • Swedish: älme (dialectal)

References
  1. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*elmaz ~ *almaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 83
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2011) “*elm, *ulmaz”, in The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 155–157: “*(h₁)él-m, *h₁l-m-ós”
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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