< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drunjaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *drunjuz (“sound”) + *-janą.
Per Vasmer, perhaps ultimately from imitative Proto-Indo-European *dʰrēu- (“to drone”); see also Sanskrit ध्रणति (dhráṇati, “to sound”), Old Irish drésacht (“crackling, noise”), German trensen (“to make heavy sounds from the vocal cords”), Dutch drenzen (“to moan”), Ancient Greek θρῆνος (thrênos, “lamentation for the deceased”), English drone, Old Prussian droanse (“corncrake”), Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 (drunjus, “sound”).[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈdrun.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Inflection
Conjugation of *drunjaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *drunjō | *drunjaų | — | *drunjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *drunisi | *drunjais | *druni | *drunjasai | *drunjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *druniþi | *drunjai | *drunjaþau | *drunjaþai | *drunjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *drunjōs | *drunjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *drunjaþiz | *drunjaiþiz | *drunjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *drunjamaz | *drunjaim | — | *drunjanþai | *drunjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *druniþ | *drunjaiþ | *druniþ | *drunjanþai | *drunjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *drunjanþi | *drunjain | *drunjanþau | *drunjanþai | *drunjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *drunidǭ | *drunidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *drunidēz | *drunidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *drunidē | *drunidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *drunidēdū | *drunidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *drunidēdudiz | *drunidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *drunidēdum | *drunidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *drunidēdud | *drunidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *drunidēdun | *drunidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *drunjandz | *drunidaz | |||
Descendants
References
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “дрязги”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “dreunen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) “255-256”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 255-256
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*drunjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 77
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