< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate with Latin ferīre (“to beat, strike”), Proto-Slavic *borniti (“to defend”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈbɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*barjaną[1][2]

  1. to beat, strike

Inflection
Conjugation of *barjaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *barjō*barjaų—*barjai ?
2nd singular *barisi*barjais*bari*barjasai*barjaisau
3rd singular *bariþi*barjai*barjaþau*barjaþai*barjaiþau
1st dual *barjōs*barjaiw———
2nd dual *barjaþiz*barjaiþiz*barjaþiz——
1st plural *barjamaz*barjaim—*barjanþai*barjainþau
2nd plural *bariþ*barjaiþ*bariþ*barjanþai*barjainþau
3rd plural *barjanþi*barjain*barjanþau*barjanþai*barjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *baridǭ*baridēdį̄
2nd singular *baridēz*baridēdīz
3rd singular *baridē*baridēdī
1st dual *baridēdū*baridēdīw
2nd dual *baridēdudiz*baridēdīdiz
1st plural *baridēdum*baridēdīm
2nd plural *baridēdud*baridēdīd
3rd plural *baridēdun*baridēdīn
present past
participles *barjandz*baridaz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *barjan
    • Old English: berian (attested as ġebered (ppt))
    • (Old Frisian: ber)
    • Old High German: berjan, perjan, berien, *berren
  • Old Norse: berja

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*barjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
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