< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic

Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kalma

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Most likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”) (which would make the word a doublet with *koolëma), but compare also Proto-Germanic *kwalmaz (“killing, death”) (Proto-West Germanic *kwalm), *skalmǭ (“plague”).

Noun

*kalma

  1. grave
  2. death

Inflection
Inflection of *kalma
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *kalma *kalmat
accusative *kalman *kalmat
genitive *kalman *kalmadën
*kalmoidën
partitive *kalmada *kalmoida
inessive *kalmassa
*kalmahna		 *kalmoissa
*kalmoihna
elative *kalmasta *kalmoista
illative *kalmahën *kalmoihën
adessive *kalmalla *kalmoilla
ablative *kalmalta *kalmoilta
allative *kalmalën
*kalmalëk		 *kalmoilën
*kalmoilëk
essive *kalmana *kalmoina
translative *kalmaksi *kalmoiksi
instructive *kalman *kalmoin
comitative *kalmanëk *kalmoinëk
abessive *kalmatta *kalmoitta

Derived terms
  • *kalmisto

Descendants
  • Estonian: kalm
  • Finnish: kalma
  • Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)
  • Karelian:
  • Livonian:
    • Courland Livonian: kālma
    • Vidzeme Livonian: kālme
  • Livvi: kalmu
  • Ludian: kalm
  • Veps: kaum, koum
  • Võro: kalm
  • Votic: kalmõ, kalmo
  • → Proto-Samic: *kālmē (see there for further descendants)

References
  • “kalm”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
  • Kylstra, A.D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Otto. 1991–2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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