-돗-

Middle Korean

Alternative forms

Has a wide range of allomorphs, all of which occur in complementary distribution:

  • 돗〮 (-twós-) following a bare verb stem (except the copula)
  • 롯〮 (-lwós-) following 이〮 (í-, copula), 으〮니〮 (-úní-), and 으〮리〮 (-úlí-).
    • 로〮 (-lwó-) when followed by 다〮 (-tá), making 로〮다〮 (-lwótá)
    • When followed by an epenthetic vowel ᄋᆞ, it assimilates in vowel roundedness to 오.
  • 옷〮 (-wós-) following ᄂᆞ (-nò-), 더〮 (-té-), and 거 (-ke-)
  • 앗〮 (-ás-) following 으시〮 (-ùsí-), making 으샷〮 (-ùsyás-)

Etymology

Unknown. Maybe grammaticalized from a verb stem, as it is one of the strong endings which makes a preceding high~low alternating monosyllabic verb stem surface as high tone.[1] However, there is no verb that looks like 돗 in Middle Korean.

Suffix

돗〮 (-twós-)

  1. A suffix which expresses mirativity; indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind upon realizing or learning new information.[2] Commonly called the emotive suffix.
    • 1459, 석보상절 (釋譜詳節), volume 6:
      忽然히〮 부텨 向ᄒᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 니즈〮니〮 누〮니〮 도로 어듭〮거늘 제〯 너교〮ᄃᆡ〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 가〮다가〮 귓것과〮 모〯딘〮 쥬ᇰᄉᆡᇰ이〮 므ᅀᅴ〮엽도〮소니 므스〮므라〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 나〮오〮나뇨
      忽然hí pwùthyè 向hòn mòzòmól nìcúní nwúní twòlwò ètúpkènùl cěy nèkyótóy pàmóy kátàká kwùyskèskwá mwǒtín cyùngsòyngí mùzúyyèptwóswònì mùsúmùlá pàmóy náwónànyò
      As he forgot his thoughts towards Buddha, his vision became dark again. He realized, 'I am scared of the ghosts and fierce creatures while travelling at night!', and wondered 'Why have I come out at night?'

Usage notes
  • The emotive suffix 돗〮 (-twós-) does not combine with the modulator 오〮 (-wó-). The apparent element 오 that appears as if it's following the variants of 돗〮 (-twós-) can be explained in two ways:
    • An epenthetic vowel ᄋᆞ following 돗〮 (-twós-), 롯〮 (-lwós-), or 놋〮 (-nwós-) assimilates in vowel roundedness, making the apparent forms 도〮소〮, 로〮소〮, and 노〮소〮.
    • Endings that contain 옷〮~ㅅ (-wós-~-s-, plural verbal suffix), e.g. ᄉᆞᆫ〮다〮 (-sóntá, 2nd person plural question suffix), 소〮라〮 (-swólá, declarative 1st person plural suffix), ᄉᆞ〮라〮 (-sólá, plural imperative suffix), 다〮소〮니〮 (-táswóní, retrospective 1st person plural sequential suffix), etc, are often conflated with the emotive suffix 돗〮 (-twós-), but they should be differentiated.

Derived terms
  • 노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-nwóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive processive suffix)
  • 놋〮다〮 (-nwóstá, declarative emotive processive suffix)
  • 다〮ᄉᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-tásóngìtá, declarative polite emotive retrospective suffix)
  • 도〮다〮 (-twótá, declarative emotive suffix)
  • 도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive suffix)
  • 도〮소〮니〮 (-twóswóní, emotive sequential suffix)

References
  1. 김성규 [gimseonggyu] (2011) “성조에 의한 어미의 분류 ―중세국어를 중심으로― [seongjo'e uihan eomiui bullyu ―jungsegugeoreul jungsimeuro―]”, in 구결연구, 구결학회 [gugyeolhakhoe]
  2. 가와사키 케이고 (2016) 중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성― (Thesis), 서울대학교 대학원
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