πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½

Gothic

Etymology

From *πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πŒ½ (*swōgan, from Proto-Germanic *swōganΔ…) +β€Ž -πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ (-atjan).

Verb

πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ β€’ (swōgatjan)

  1. to sigh
  2. to groan

Conjugation

The past participle would be expected to follow the form of the other past tense forms, yielding *πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πƒ (*swōgasts), but the single attestation of a past participle in the Gothic verbs suffixed with -atjan, πŒΊπŒ°πŒΏπ€πŒ°π„πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΉ (kaupatidai), contradicts this. It is not certain whether this form is due to scribal error, later morphological levelling or due to some other irregularity in the verbs suffixed with -atjan.

Class 1 weak irregular
Infinitive πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½
swōgatjan
Indicative Present Past Present passive
1st singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°
swōgatja		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ°
swōgasta		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
swōgatjada
2nd singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒΉπƒ
swōgatjis		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πƒ
swōgastΔ“s		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΆπŒ°
swōgatjaza
3rd singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒΉπŒΈ
swōgatjiΓΎ		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ°
swōgasta		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
swōgatjada
1st dual πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπ‰πƒ
swōgatjōs		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏ
swōgastΔ“du		 β€”
2nd dual πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
swōgatjats		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπ„πƒ
swōgastΔ“duts		 β€”
1st plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΌ
swōgatjam		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΌ
swōgastΔ“dum		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
swōgatjanda
2nd plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒΉπŒΈ
swōgatjiΓΎ		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΈ
swōgastΔ“duΓΎ		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
swōgatjanda
3rd plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³
swōgatjand		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒ½
swōgastΔ“dun		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
swōgatjanda
Subjunctive Present Past Present passive
1st singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjau		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
swōgastΔ“djau		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjaidau
2nd singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπƒ
swōgatjais		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
swōgastΔ“deis		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΆπŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjaizau
3rd singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉ
swōgatjai		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΉ
swōgastΔ“di		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjaidau
1st dual πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
swōgatjaiwa		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
swōgastΔ“deiwa		 β€”
2nd dual πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
swōgatjaits		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
swōgastΔ“deits		 β€”
1st plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
swōgatjaima		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
swōgastΔ“deima		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjaindau
2nd plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΈ
swōgatjaiΓΎ		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
swōgastΔ“deiΓΎ		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjaindau
3rd plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
swōgatjaina		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°πƒπ„πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
swōgastΔ“deina		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒ΄πŒΉ
swōgatei
3rd singular πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjadau
2nd dual πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
swōgatjats
2nd plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒΉπŒΈ
swōgatjiþ
3rd plural πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
swōgatjandau
Present Past
Participles πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
swōgatjands		 πƒπ…π‰πŒ²πŒ°π„πŒΉπŒΈπƒ
swōgatiþs

Further reading
  • Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches WΓΆrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s UniversitΓ€tsbuchhandlung, p. 136
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