누르다
Korean
Etymology 1
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 누르〮다〮 (Yale: nwùlú-tá). From Old Korean 押喙 (*NWUt).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈnu(ː)ɾɯda̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [누(ː)르다]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | nureuda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | nuleuda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | nurŭda |
| Yale Romanization? | nwūluta |
Verb
| Base | 누르다 (nureuda) |
|---|---|
| Passive | 눌리다 (nullida) |
누르다 • (nureuda) (infinitive 눌러, sequential 누르니)
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 누르다 (nureuda): vowel-stem, 르(reu)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 누른다 nureunda |
눌러 nulleo |
눌러요 nulleoyo |
누릅니다 nureumnida |
| Past | 눌렀다 nulleotda |
눌렀어 nulleosseo |
눌렀어요 nulleosseoyo |
눌렀습니다 nulleotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 누르느냐 nureuneunya |
눌러 nulleo |
눌러요 nulleoyo |
누릅니까 nureumnikka |
| Past | 눌렀느냐 nulleonneunya |
눌렀어 nulleosseo |
눌렀어요 nulleosseoyo |
눌렀습니까 nulleotseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 누르자 nureuja | 눌러 nulleo | 눌러요 nulleoyo | 누르십시다 nureusipsida | |
| Imperative | 눌러라 nulleora | 눌러 nulleo | 눌러요 nulleoyo | 누릅시오 nureupsio | |
| Assertive | 누르겠다 nureugetda | 누르겠어 nureugesseo | 누르겠어요 nureugesseoyo | 누르겠습니다 nureugetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 눌러 nulleo | 눌러서 nulleoseo | 누르니 nureuni | 누르니까 nureunikka | |
| Contrast | 누르지만 nureujiman | 누르는데 nureuneunde | 누르더니 nureudeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 누르고 nureugo | ||||
| Condition | 누르면 nureumyeon | 눌러야 nulleoya | |||
| Motive | 누르려고 nureuryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 누름 nureum | 누르기 nureugi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 눌렀음 nulleosseum | 눌렀기 nulleotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 누른 nureun | |||
| Present | 누르는 nureuneun | ||||
| Future | 누를 nureul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 누르신다 nureusinda |
누르셔 nureusyeo |
누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo |
누르십니다 nureusimnida |
| Past | 누르셨다 nureusyeotda |
누르셨어 nureusyeosseo |
누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo |
누르셨습니다 nureusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 누르시느냐 nureusineunya |
누르셔 nureusyeo |
누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo |
누르십니까 nureusimnikka |
| Past | 누르셨느냐 nureusyeonneunya |
누르셨어 nureusyeosseo |
누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo |
누르셨습니까 nureusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 누르시라 nureusira | 누르셔 nureusyeo | 누르세요 nureuseyo | 누르십시오 nureusipsio | |
| Assertive | 누르시겠다 nureusigetda | 누르시겠어 nureusigesseo | 누르시겠어요 nureusigesseoyo | 누르시겠습니다 nureusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 누르셔 nureusyeo | 누르셔서 nureusyeoseo | 누르시니 nureusini | 누르시니까 nureusinikka | |
| Contrast | 누르시지만 nureusijiman | 누르시는데 nureusineunde | 누르시더니 nureusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 누르시고 nureusigo | ||||
| Condition | 누르시면 nureusimyeon | 누르셔야 nureusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 누르시려고 nureusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 누르심 nureusim | 누르시기 nureusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 누르셨음 nureusyeosseum | 누르셨기 nureusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 누르신 nureusin | |||
| Present | 누르시는 nureusineun | ||||
| Future | 누르실 nureusil | ||||
Derived terms
- 내리누르다 (naerinureuda)
- 덮누르다 (deomnureuda)
- 억누르다 (eongnureuda)
- 엎누르다 (eomnureuda)
- 짓누르다 (jinnureuda)
Etymology 2
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 누르〮다〮 (Yale: nwùlú-tá). From Old Korean 黃等 (*NWOtol).
Possibly ultimately from 눋 (nwut-, “to get a bit burnt”) + *을 (*-ul-, verbal suffix). However, the existence and function of the hypothetical suffix is unclear.[1]
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [nuɾɯda̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [누르다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | nureuda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | nuleuda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | nurŭda |
| Yale Romanization? | nwuluta |
Conjugation
Selected forms of the adjective 누르다 (nureuda): vowel-stem, 러(reo)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 누르다 nureuda |
누르러 nureureo |
누르러요 nureureoyo |
누릅니다 nureumnida |
| Past | 누르렀다 nureureotda |
누르렀어 nureureosseo |
누르렀어요 nureureosseoyo |
누르렀습니다 nureureotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 누르냐 nureunya |
누르러 nureureo |
누르러요 nureureoyo |
누릅니까 nureumnikka |
| Past | 누르렀냐 nureureonnya |
누르렀어 nureureosseo |
누르렀어요 nureureosseoyo |
누르렀습니까 nureureotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 누르겠다 nureugetda | 누르겠어 nureugesseo | 누르겠어요 nureugesseoyo | 누르겠습니다 nureugetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 누르러 nureureo | 누르러서 nureureoseo | 누르니 nureuni | 누르니까 nureunikka | |
| Contrast | 누르지만 nureujiman | 누른데 nureunde | 누르더니 nureudeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 누르고 nureugo | ||||
| Condition | 누르면 nureumyeon | 누르러야 nureureoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 누름 nureum | 누르기 nureugi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 누르렀음 nureureosseum | 누르렀기 nureureotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 누른 nureun | |||
| Future | 누를 nureul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 누르시다 nureusida |
누르셔 nureusyeo |
누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo |
누르십니다 nureusimnida |
| Past | 누르셨다 nureusyeotda |
누르셨어 nureusyeosseo |
누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo |
누르셨습니다 nureusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 누르시냐 nureusinya |
누르셔 nureusyeo |
누르세요, 누르셔요 nureuseyo, nureusyeoyo |
누르십니까 nureusimnikka |
| Past | 누르셨냐 nureusyeonnya |
누르셨어 nureusyeosseo |
누르셨어요 nureusyeosseoyo |
누르셨습니까 nureusyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 누르시겠다 nureusigetda | 누르시겠어 nureusigesseo | 누르시겠어요 nureusigesseoyo | 누르시겠습니다 nureusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 누르셔 nureusyeo | 누르셔서 nureusyeoseo | 누르시니 nureusini | 누르시니까 nureusinikka | |
| Contrast | 누르시지만 nureusijiman | 누르신데 nureusinde | 누르시더니 nureusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 누르시고 nureusigo | ||||
| Condition | 누르시면 nureusimyeon | 누르셔야 nureusyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 누르심 nureusim | 누르시기 nureusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 누르셨음 nureusyeosseum | 누르셨기 nureusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 누르신 nureusin | |||
| Future | 누르실 nureusil | ||||
Derived terms
- 검누르다 (geomnureuda)
- 붉누르다 (bungnureuda)
- 희누르다 (huinureuda)
References
- 전한솔 [jeonhansol] (2023) “조선관역어의 ‘噴 [靑]’과 ‘則卜論 [寅]’에 대하여 [joseon'gwanyeogeoui ‘噴 [靑]’gwa ‘則卜論 [寅]’e daehayeo]”, in 구결연구, volume 51, 구결학회 [gugyeolhakhoe], pages 283-309
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