가깝다
Korean
Alternative forms
- 가찹다 (gachapda), 가직다 (gajikda), 가적다 (gajeokda), 가죽다 (gajukda), 개직다 (gaejikda), 개작다 (gaejakda) (all dialectal)
Etymology
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 갓갑〯다〮 (Yale: kàskǎp-tá), most plausibly from the unattested verbal root *가ᄌᆞᆨ (Yale: *kacok-, probably "to approach") + 아ᇦ〯 (Yale: -ǎW, adjective-deriving suffix). Dialects commonly preserve the original root.[1]
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠k͈a̠p̚t͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [가깝따]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gakkapda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ga'kkabda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kakkapta |
| Yale Romanization? | ka.kkapta |
Adjective
가깝다 • (gakkapda) (irregular, infinitive 가까워, sequential 가까우니)
Conjugation
North Korean Standard:
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
| Formal non polite (해라체) |
Informal non polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
|
가깝다 (gakkapda)
past: 가까웠다 (gakkawatda) |
가까워 (gakkawa)
past: 가까웠어 (gakkawasseo) |
가까워요 (gakkawayo)
past: 가까웠어요 (gakkawasseoyo) |
가깝습니다 (gakkapseumnida)
past: 가까웠습니다 (gakkawatseumnida) | |
|
가까우냐 (gakkaunya)
past: 가까웠냐 (gakkawannya) |
가까워 (gakkawa)
past: 가까웠어 (gakkawasseo) |
가까워요 (gakkawayo)
past: 가까웠어요 (gakkawasseoyo) |
가깝습니까 (gakkapseumnikka)
past: 가까웠습니까 (gakkawatseumnikka) | |
|
가깝겠다 (gakkapgetda) | 가깝겠어 (gakkapgesseo) | 가깝겠어요 (gakkapgesseoyo) | 가깝겠습니다 (gakkapgesseumnida) | |
| Connective forms | |||||
|
가까워 (gakkawa) | 가까워서 (gakkawaseo) | 가까우니 (gakkauni) | 가까우니까 (gakkaunikka) | |
|
가깝지만 (gakkapjiman) | 가까운데 (gakkaunde) | 가깝더니 (gakkapdeoni) |
가깝고 (gakkapgo) | |
|
가까우면 (gakkaumyeon) | 가까워야 (gakkawaya) | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 가까움 (gakkaum) | 가깝기 (gakkapgi) | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 가까웠음 (gakkawasseum) | 가까웠기 (gakkawatgi) | |||
| Determiners | present 가까운 (gakkaun) | future 가까울 (gakkaul) | |||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | ||||
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | |
|
가까우시다 (gakkausida)
past: 가까우셨다 (gakkausyeotda) |
가까우셔 (gakkausyeo)
past: 가까우셨어 (gakkausyeosseo) |
가까우세요 (gakkauseyo) or 가까우셔요 (gakkausyeoyo)
past: 가까우셨어요 (gakkausyeosseoyo) |
가까우십니다 (gakkausimnida)
past: 가까우셨습니다 (gakkausyeotseumnida) |
|
가까우시냐 (gakkausinya)
past: 가까우셨냐 (gakkausyeonnya) |
가까우셔 (gakkausyeo)
past: 가까우셨어 (gakkausyeosseo) |
가까우세요 (gakkauseyo) or 가까우셔요 (gakkausyeoyo)
past: 가까우셨어요 (gakkausyeosseoyo) |
가까우십니까 (gakkausimnikka)
past: 가까우셨습니까 (gakkausyeotseumnikka) |
|
가까우시겠다 (gakkausigetda) | 가까우시겠어 (gakkausigesseo) | 가까우시겠어요 (gakkausigesseoyo) | 가까우시겠습니다 (gakkausigetseumnida) |
| Connective forms with honorific | ||||
|
가까우셔 (gakkausyeo) | 가까우셔서 (gakkausyeoseo) | 가까우시니 (gakkausini) | 가까우시니까 (gakkausinikka) |
|
가까우시지만 (gakkausijiman) | 가까우신데 (gakkausinde) | 가까우시더니 (gakkausideoni) |
가까우시고 (gakkausigo) |
|
가까우시면 (gakkausimyeon) | 가까우셔야 (gakkausyeoya) | ||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | ||||
| Verbal nouns | 가까우심 (gakkausim) | 가까우시기 (gakkausigi) | ||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 가까우셨음 (gakkausyeosseum) | 가까우셨기 (gakkausyeotgi) | ||
| Determiners | present 가까우신 (gakkausin) | future 가까우실 (gakkausil) | ||
South Korean Standard:
Selected forms of the adjective 가깝다 (gakkapda): consonant-stem, ㅂ(b)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 가깝다 gakkapda |
가까워 gakkawo |
가까워요 gakkawoyo |
가깝습니다 gakkapseumnida |
| Past | 가까웠다 gakkawotda |
가까웠어 gakkawosseo |
가까웠어요 gakkawosseoyo |
가까웠습니다 gakkawotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 가까우냐 gakkaunya |
가까워 gakkawo |
가까워요 gakkawoyo |
가깝습니까 gakkapseumnikka |
| Past | 가까웠냐 gakkawonnya |
가까웠어 gakkawosseo |
가까웠어요 gakkawosseoyo |
가까웠습니까 gakkawotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 가깝겠다 gakkapgetda | 가깝겠어 gakkapgesseo | 가깝겠어요 gakkapgesseoyo | 가깝겠습니다 gakkapgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 가까워 gakkawo | 가까워서 gakkawoseo | 가까우니 gakkauni | 가까우니까 gakkaunikka | |
| Contrast | 가깝지만 gakkapjiman | 가까운데 gakkaunde | 가깝더니 gakkapdeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 가깝고 gakkapgo | ||||
| Condition | 가까우면 gakkaumyeon | 가까워야 gakkawoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 가까움 gakkaum | 가깝기 gakkapgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 가까웠음 gakkawosseum | 가까웠기 gakkawotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 가까운 gakkaun | |||
| Future | 가까울 gakkaul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 가까우시다 gakkausida |
가까우셔 gakkausyeo |
가까우세요, 가까우셔요 gakkauseyo, gakkausyeoyo |
가까우십니다 gakkausimnida |
| Past | 가까우셨다 gakkausyeotda |
가까우셨어 gakkausyeosseo |
가까우셨어요 gakkausyeosseoyo |
가까우셨습니다 gakkausyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 가까우시냐 gakkausinya |
가까우셔 gakkausyeo |
가까우세요, 가까우셔요 gakkauseyo, gakkausyeoyo |
가까우십니까 gakkausimnikka |
| Past | 가까우셨냐 gakkausyeonnya |
가까우셨어 gakkausyeosseo |
가까우셨어요 gakkausyeosseoyo |
가까우셨습니까 gakkausyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 가까우시겠다 gakkausigetda | 가까우시겠어 gakkausigesseo | 가까우시겠어요 gakkausigesseoyo | 가까우시겠습니다 gakkausigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 가까우셔 gakkausyeo | 가까우셔서 gakkausyeoseo | 가까우시니 gakkausini | 가까우시니까 gakkausinikka | |
| Contrast | 가까우시지만 gakkausijiman | 가까우신데 gakkausinde | 가까우시더니 gakkausideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 가까우시고 gakkausigo | ||||
| Condition | 가까우시면 gakkausimyeon | 가까우셔야 gakkausyeoya | |||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 가까우심 gakkausim | 가까우시기 gakkausigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 가까우셨음 gakkausyeosseum | 가까우셨기 gakkausyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 가까우신 gakkausin | |||
| Future | 가까우실 gakkausil | ||||
References
- 이승재 (Yi Seung-jae) (1983) “재구와 방언분화 [jaeguwa bang'eonbunhwa, Reconstructions and dialectal divergence]”, in Gugeohak, volume 12
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.