龍川

Chinese

		dragon; imperial; surname	river; creek; plain river; creek; plain; an area of level country; Sichuan province (abbrev.)
trad. (龍川)		龍	川
simp. (龙川)		龙	川
alternative forms		隆川 “Long Xuyên”

Etymology

"Longchuan county, Guangdong, China": First attested in the Records of the Grand Historian.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Lóngchuān

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄔㄨㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁴ cyun¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Liông-chhoan

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Lóngchuān
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄔㄨㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Lóngchuan
  - Wade–Giles: Lung²-chʻuan¹
  - Yale: Lúng-chwān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Longchuan
  - Palladius: Лунчуань (Lunčuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lung⁴ cyun¹
  - Yale: lùhng chyūn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁴ tsyn¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lung⁴ qun¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Liông-chhoan
  - Tâi-lô: Liông-tshuan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liongzhoafn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: ljowng tsyhwen

Rime
Character	龍	川
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	昌 (24)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	仙 (78)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	力鍾切	昌緣切
Baxter	ljowng	tsyhwen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨoŋ/	/t͡ɕʰiuᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/lioŋ/	/t͡ɕʰʷiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/lioŋ/	/t͡ɕʰjuæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luawŋ/	/cʰwian/
Li Rong	/lioŋ/	/t͡ɕʰiuɛn/
Wang Li	/lĭwoŋ/	/t͡ɕʰĭwɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯woŋ/	/t͡ɕʰi̯wɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lóng	chuān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung⁴	cyun¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[mə]-roŋ t.l̥u[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*b·roŋ kʰjon/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	龍	川
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lóng	chuān
Middle Chinese	‹ ljowng ›	‹ tsyhwen ›
Old Chinese	/*[mə]-roŋ/	/*t.l̥u[n]/ (MC -jwen is irregular)
English	dragon	stream, river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	龍	川
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	8436	1628
Phonetic component	龍	川
Rime group	東	元
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	龍	穿
Old Chinese	/*b·roŋ/	/*kʰjon/

Proper noun

龍川

(～縣) Longchuan (a county of Heyuan, Guangdong, China)
(～市) Long Xuyên (a city, the provincial capital of An Giang, Vietnam)

Synonyms

(Long Xuyên): 東川／东川 (Dōngchuān)

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