閊える

Japanese
Kanji in this term
閊
つか
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Alternative forms

Etymology

From older 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) verb form 閊う (tsukau),[1][2] itself formed from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) つか (tsuka) of root verb つく (tsuku, “to stick”) + 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) ふ (fu, modern -u; indicates repetition or ongoing state).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) つかえ​る [tsùkáéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝka̠e̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

閊(つか)える • (tsukaeru) ←つかへる (tukaferu)?transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 閊(つか)え (tsukae), past 閊(つか)えた (tsukaeta))

  1. (intransitive) to get stuck
    1. to get jammed
      引(ひ)っ越(こ)しているところ、家具(かぐ)がドアで閊(つか)えてビルに入(はい)らなかった。
      Hikkoshite iru tokoro, kagu ga doa de tsukaete biru ni hairanakatta.
      As we were moving, some furniture got stuck in the door and wouldn't go into the building.
    2. to become clogged
      下水管(げすいかん)が閊(つか)えて汚水(おすい)が溢(あふ)れてしまった。
      Gesuikan ga tsukaete osui ga afurete shimatta.
      The sewer pipe got clogged and sewage overflowed.
    3. to get choked up, to feel pressure from anxiety or other strong emotion, such as in one's chest or throat
      胸(むね)が閊(つか)える、喉(のど)が閊(つか)える
      mune ga tsukaeru, nodo ga tsukaeru
      to feel tight in one's chest, to feel choked up in one's throat
    4. to become stiff from tension (mainly said of one's shoulders)
      色(いろ)んな不安(ふあん)で肩(かた)が閊(つか)えて来(き)た。
      Ironna fuan de kata ga tsukaete kita.
      What with various anxieties, I got stiff in my shoulders.
  2. (transitive, archaic) to put both hands on the floor during a deep bow of thanks or supplication
    手(て)を閊(つか)えて座(ざ)する
    te o tsukaete zasuru
    to take a seat with both hands on the floor in front of oneself

Conjugation
Conjugation of "閊える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 閊え つかえ tsukae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 閊え つかえ tsukae
Shūshikei ("terminal") 閊える つかえる tsukaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 閊える つかえる tsukaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 閊えれ つかえれ tsukaere
Meireikei ("imperative") 閊えよ¹
閊えろ²		 つかえよ¹
つかえろ²		 tsukaeyo¹
tsukaero²
Key constructions
Passive 閊えられる つかえられる tsukaerareru
Causative 閊えさせる
閊えさす		 つかえさせる
つかえさす		 tsukaesaseru
tsukaesasu
Potential 閊えられる
閊えれる³		 つかえられる
つかえれる³		 tsukaerareru
tsukaereru³
Volitional 閊えよう つかえよう tsukaeyō
Negative 閊えない
閊えぬ
閊えん		 つかえない
つかえぬ
つかえん		 tsukaenai
tsukaenu
tsukaen
Negative continuative 閊えず つかえず tsukaezu
Formal 閊えます つかえます tsukaemasu
Perfective 閊えた つかえた tsukaeta
Conjunctive 閊えて つかえて tsukaete
Hypothetical conditional 閊えれば つかえれば tsukaereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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