違う

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
違
ちが
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Compound of 道 (chi, “road, way”) +‎ 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”).[1] The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).[2]

First cited to the Kagerō Nikki of 974,[1] and likely extant earlier given the initial citing in 965 of derived form 違える (chigaeru, “to keep something from happening”)[1]

Similar, but not related, to tagau reading.[2]

Alternative forms
  • 異う

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "違う"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 違う ちがう [chìgáú]
Imperative (命令形) 違え ちがえ [chìgáé]
Key constructions
Passive 違われる ちがわれる [chìgáwárérú]
Causative 違わせる ちがわせる [chìgáwásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 違おう ちがお​ー [chìgáóꜜò]
Negative 違わない ちがわない [chìgáwánáí]
Negative perfective 違わなかった ちがわな​かった [chìgáwánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 違います ちがいま​す [chìgáímáꜜsù]
Perfective 違った ちがった [chìgáttá]
Conjunctive 違って ちがって [chìgátté]
Hypothetical conditional 違えば ちがえ​ば [chìgáéꜜbà]

Verb

違(ちが)う • (chigau) ←ちがふ (tigafu)?intransitive godan (stem 違(ちが)い (chigai), past 違(ちが)った (chigatta))

Japanese verb pair
active 違(ちが)える (違(ちが)える)
mediopassive 違(ちが)う (違(ちが)う)
  1. to be different; to differ (from something)
  2. another
  3. (in conversation) no, that is wrong / incorrect; that's not how it is
Usage notes

This is used to disagree with someone in conversation like "no", but it is softer than saying "no" in English.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "違う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 違わ ちがわ chigawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 違い ちがい chigai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 違う ちがう chigau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 違う ちがう chigau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 違え ちがえ chigae
Meireikei ("imperative") 違え ちがえ chigae
Key constructions
Passive 違われる ちがわれる chigawareru
Causative 違わせる
違わす		 ちがわせる
ちがわす		 chigawaseru
chigawasu
Potential 違える ちがえる chigaeru
Volitional 違おう ちがおう chigaō
Negative 違わない ちがわない chigawanai
Negative continuative 違わず ちがわず chigawazu
Formal 違います ちがいます chigaimasu
Perfective 違った ちがった chigatta
Conjunctive 違って ちがって chigatte
Hypothetical conditional 違えば ちがえば chigaeba
Classical conjugation of "違ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 違はちがはtigafa
Continuative (連用形) 違ひちがひtigafi
Terminal (終止形) 違ふちがふtigafu
Attributive (連体形) 違ふちがふtigafu
Realis (已然形) 違へちがへtigafe
Imperative (命令形) 違へちがへtigafe
Key constructions
Negative 違はずちがはずtigafazu
Contrasting conjunction 違へどちがへどtigafedo
Causal conjunction 違へばちがへばtigafeba
Conditional conjunction 違はばちがはばtigafaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 違ひきちがひきtigafiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 違ひけりちがひけりtigafikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 違ひつちがひつtigafitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 違ひぬちがひぬtigafinu
Perfect-continuative tense 違へり
違ひたり		ちがへり
ちがひたり		tigaferi
tigafitari
Volitional 違はむちがはむtigafamu
Synonyms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
違
たが
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Compound of 手 (ta, “hand”, bound form) +‎ 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”). The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).[2]

First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[4]

Verb

違(たが)う • (tagau) ←たがふ (tagafu)?intransitive godan (stem 違(たが)い (tagai), past 違(たが)った (tagatta))

Japanese verb pair
active 違(たが)える (違(たが)える)
mediopassive 違(たが)う (違(たが)う)
  1. (dated) be contrary to; go against; defy; disobey; violate (a rule)
    期(き)待(たい)に違(たが)う
    kitai ni tagau
    be contrary to an anticipation
    定(てい)説(せつ)に違(たが)う
    teisetsu ni tagau
    defy a common theory
    規(き)則(そく)に違(たが)う
    kisoku ni tagau
    violate a rule
Conjugation
Conjugation of "違う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 違わ たがわ tagawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 違い たがい tagai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 違う たがう tagau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 違う たがう tagau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 違え たがえ tagae
Meireikei ("imperative") 違え たがえ tagae
Key constructions
Passive 違われる たがわれる tagawareru
Causative 違わせる
違わす		 たがわせる
たがわす		 tagawaseru
tagawasu
Potential 違える たがえる tagaeru
Volitional 違おう たがおう tagaō
Negative 違わない たがわない tagawanai
Negative continuative 違わず たがわず tagawazu
Formal 違います たがいます tagaimasu
Perfective 違った たがった tagatta
Conjunctive 違って たがって tagatte
Hypothetical conditional 違えば たがえば tagaeba
Classical conjugation of "違ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 違はたがはtagafa
Continuative (連用形) 違ひたがひtagafi
Terminal (終止形) 違ふたがふtagafu
Attributive (連体形) 違ふたがふtagafu
Realis (已然形) 違へたがへtagafe
Imperative (命令形) 違へたがへtagafe
Key constructions
Negative 違はずたがはずtagafazu
Contrasting conjunction 違へどたがへどtagafedo
Causal conjunction 違へばたがへばtagafeba
Conditional conjunction 違はばたがはばtagafaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 違ひきたがひきtagafiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 違ひけりたがひけりtagafikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 違ひつたがひつtagafitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 違ひぬたがひぬtagafinu
Perfect-continuative tense 違へり
違ひたり		たがへり
たがひたり		tagaferi
tagafitari
Volitional 違はむたがはむtagafamu
Synonyms
Antonyms

References
  1. “違・交”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
  3. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  4. “違”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
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