憤然

Chinese

		indignant; anger; resentment	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (憤然)		憤	然
simp. (愤然)		愤	然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fènrán

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄣˋ ㄖㄢˊ
Min Nan (Hokkien, POJ): hùn-jiân

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fènrán
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄣˋ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fènrán
  - Wade–Giles: fên⁴-jan²
  - Yale: fèn-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fennran
  - Palladius: фэньжань (fɛnʹžanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fən⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hùn-jiân
  - Tâi-lô: hùn-jiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: huonjieen
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hun²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ʑiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ d͡ʑiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ʑiɛn¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hun¹¹⁻⁵³ d͡ʑiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hun²¹⁻⁴¹ ʑiɛn²³/

Middle Chinese: bjunX nyen

Rime
Character	憤	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	房吻切	如延切
Baxter	bjunX	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɨun^X/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/biun^X/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/biuən^X/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bun^X/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/biuən^X/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/bĭuən^X/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱi̯uən^X/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fèn	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fan⁶	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]urʔ [n]a[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*bɯnʔ njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憤	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fèn	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ bjun^X ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]urʔ/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	unhappy	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憤	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	466	10756
Phonetic component	奔	肰
Rime group	文	元
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	憤	然
Old Chinese	/*bɯnʔ/	/*njen/

Adjective

憤然

angry; indignant
- 農民們相與議論，談到都團總，則憤然說：「那班東西麼，不作用了！」 [MSC, trad.]
  农民们相与议论，谈到都团总，则愤然说：“那班东西么，不作用了！” [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1927, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《湖南農民運動考察報告》 (Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
  Nóngmínmen xiāngyǔ yìlùn, tándào dūtuánzǒng, zé fènrán shuō: “Nà bān dōngxi me, bù zuòyòng le!” [Pinyin]
  Whenever their conversation turns to the heads of the du and the tuan, the peasants say angrily, “That bunch! They are finished!”

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