天花

Chinese

	day; sky; heaven	flower; blossom; to spend flower; blossom; to spend; fancy pattern
trad. (天花)	天	花
simp. ^#(天花)	天	花
Literally: “heaven flower”.

Etymology

Originally the Chinese translation of several Sanskrit and Pali words, including Sanskrit खपुष्प (khapuṣpa, “flower in the sky”), as well as several plant names, such as Sanskrit दिव्यपुष्प (divyapuṣpa, “oleander [heaven-flower]”) / Pali devapuppha, and Sanskrit शालपुष्प (śālapuṣpa, “confederate rose [house-flower]”).

The development from “heaven-flower” (or other interpretations of the combination) to “smallpox” is unknown. It may be due to the shape resemblance of smallpox pustules to the divine flowers in Buddhism. Compare Tibetan ལྷ་འབྲུམ (lha 'brum, “smallpox [deva-pustule]”), མེ་ཏོག (me tog, “flower; (dialectal) smallpox”), and Mongolian ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ
ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ (salkin čečeg) / салхин цэцэг (salxin ceceg, “smallpox; chickenpox [wind-flower]”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tiānhuā

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢㄏㄨㄚ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ faa¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thiên-fâ

(Meixian, Guangdong): tiên¹ fa¹
Eastern Min (BUC): tiĕng-huă
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thian-hoa / thian-hoe

(Teochew, Peng'im): tiang¹ huê¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹thi-ho

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tiānhuā
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄏㄨㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tianhua
  - Wade–Giles: tʻien¹-hua¹
  - Yale: tyān-hwā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianhua
  - Palladius: тяньхуа (tjanʹxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tiānhuār
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄏㄨㄚㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tianhuar
  - Wade–Giles: tʻien¹-hua¹-ʼrh
  - Yale: tyān-hwār
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianhual
  - Palladius: тяньхуар (tjanʹxuar)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tin¹ faa¹
  - Yale: tīn fā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ faa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ fa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-fâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: tien´ fa´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tian¹ fa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tiên¹ fa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰiɛn⁴⁴ fa⁴⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tiĕng-huă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰieŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋua⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-hoa
  - Tâi-lô: thian-hua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tienhoaf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ hua³³/
- (Hokkien: Magong, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-hoe
  - Tâi-lô: thian-hue
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tienhoef
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tiang¹ huê¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang hue
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹thi-ho
  - MiniDict: thi^平 ho
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹thi-ho
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ ho²¹/

Middle Chinese: then xwae

Rime
Character	天	花
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	IV	II
Fanqie	他前切	呼瓜切
Baxter	then	xwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/hˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/hʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/xua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/hwaɨ/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/xua/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/xwa/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/xwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	huā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin¹	faa¹

Noun

天花

(Buddhism) flower of the sky; divine flower, stated in the Lotus Sutra as of four kinds, two white and two red
(literary, poetic) snowflake; snow
(pathology) smallpox; variola
Short for 天花板 (tiānhuābǎn, “ceiling”).

Synonyms

(flower of the sky): 天華／天华, 空華／空华
(snowflake): 雪花 (xuěhuā)
(smallpox): 天然痘 (tiānrándòu); (TCM) 痘瘡／痘疮 (dòuchuāng)

Dialectal synonyms of 天花板 (“ceiling”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		天花板
Mandarin	Harbin	天花板
	Yantai (Muping)	天棚, 仰棚
	Jinan	天花板
	Xi'an	天花板
	Yinchuan	仰塵, 頂棚
	Xining	仰塵, 頂棚, 天花板
	Ürümqi	仰塵, 天花板
	Chengdu	天花板, 天花板兒
	Guiyang	天花板
	Liuzhou	天花板
	Yangzhou	天花板
	Nanjing	天花板
Cantonese	Hong Kong	天花板, 天花
Cantonese	Dongguan	浪層, 天花板
Gan	Nanchang	天花板
	Lichuan	天花板
	Pingxiang	天花板
Hakka	Meixian	天花板
Hakka	Yudu	天花板, 倒板, 天棚
Huizhou	Jixi	天花板
Jin	Taiyuan	仰塵, 頂棚, 天花板 cement
Jin	Xinzhou	幔子, 仰塵
Northern Min	Jian'ou	天花板
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	天花板
Southern Min	Xiamen	天羅板, 天篷
	Quanzhou	天篷
	Taipei	天篷
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	天篷
	Kaohsiung	天篷, 天遮
	Yilan	天篷, 天遮
	Taichung	天篷
	Tainan	天篷
	Hsinchu	天篷
	Kinmen	天花板
	Penghu (Magong)	天花板, 天遮
	Penang (Hokkien)	天花板
	Singapore (Hokkien)	倒吊枋
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	天花板
Wu	Shanghai	天花板
	Shanghai (Chongming)	天面
	Suzhou	天花板
	Danyang	天花板
	Hangzhou	天花板
	Ningbo	天花板
	Jinhua	天花板
Xiang	Changsha	天花板
Xiang	Loudi	天花板

Derived terms

亂墜天花／乱坠天花
口墜天花／口坠天花
天花亂墜／天花乱坠 (tiānhuāluànzhuì)
天花墜地／天花坠地
天花板 (tiānhuābǎn)
天花枋
天花粉 (tiānhuāfěn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天花):

→ Japanese: 天花(てんか) (tenka)
→ Korean: 천화(天花) (cheonhwa)
→ Vietnamese: thiên hoa (天花)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	花
てん Grade: 1	か Grade: 1
on’yomi

Noun

天(てん)花(か) • (tenka)

snow
a flower that blossoms in the Buddhist heaven by their tale.
lotus-petal-shaped confetti scattering before the mortuary tablet.

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