國難

Chinese

		country; state; nation	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (國難)		國	難
simp. (国难)		国	难

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): guónàn

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄋㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwok³ naan⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): koet-nan
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kok-lān

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: guónàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄋㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guónàn
  - Wade–Giles: kuo²-nan⁴
  - Yale: gwó-nàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwonann
  - Palladius: гонань (gonanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ɔ³⁵ nän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwok³ naan⁶
  - Yale: gwok naahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwok⁸ naan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: guog³ nan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɔːk̚³ naːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: koet-nan
  - Hakka Romanization System: gued` nan
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gued⁵ nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ku̯et̚² nan⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-lān
  - Tâi-lô: kok-lān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koklan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ lan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ lan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ lan³³/

Middle Chinese: kwok nanH

Rime
Character	國	難
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	登 (132)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古或切	奴案切
Baxter	kwok	nanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kwək̚/	/nɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷək̚/	/nɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kuək̚/	/nɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwək̚/	/nan^H/
Li Rong	/kuək̚/	/nɑn^H/
Wang Li	/kuək̚/	/nɑn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwək̚/	/nɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guo	nàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwak¹	naan⁶

Noun

國難

a national calamity; a national disaster (especially as brought on by foreign aggression)

Derived terms

發國難財／发国难财 (fā guónàn cái)

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