內卷
Chinese
inside; inner; internal inside; inner; internal; within; interior |
chapter; examination paper; to roll (up) chapter; examination paper; to roll (up); to sweep up; to carry on | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (內卷/內捲) | 內 | 卷/捲 | |
| simp. (内卷) | 内 | 卷 | |
Etymology
Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that does not increase productivity.
Pronunciation
Verb
內卷
- (economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition
- (neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead
- (neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers
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