働く

Japanese
Kanji in this term
働
はたら
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Etymology

Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together),[1] in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping)[2] and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).

Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).

First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".[3]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "働く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 働く はたらく [hàtárákú]
Imperative (命令形) 働け はたらけ [hàtáráké]
Key constructions
Passive 働かれる はたらかれる [hàtárákárérú]
Causative 働かせる はたらかせる [hàtárákásérú]
Potential 働ける はたらける [hàtárákérú]
Volitional 働こう はたらこ​ー [hàtárákóꜜò]
Negative 働かない はたらかない [hàtárákánáí]
Negative perfective 働かなかった はたらかな​かった [hàtárákánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 働きます はたらきま​す [hàtárákímáꜜsù]
Perfective 働いた はたらいた [hàtáráítá]
Conjunctive 働いて はたらいて [hàtáráíté]
Hypothetical conditional 働けば はたらけ​ば [hàtárákéꜜbà]

Verb

働(はたら)く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働(はたら)き (hataraki), past 働(はたら)いた (hataraita))

  1. [from 1212] to work at a job, to labour
    10(じゅう)時(じ)まで働(はたら)く積(つ)もりだ。
    Jū-ji made hataraku tsumori da.
    I intend to work until 10 o'clock.
  2. [from mid-1600s] to work properly, to operate, to function; to carry out one's function, to be effective, to come into play
    スイッチが働(はたら)いてない。
    Suitchi ga hataraite nai.
    The switch isn't working.
  3. [from 1665] (transitive) to perpetrate or commit a crime
    彼女(かのじょ)は盗(ぬす)みを働(はたら)く。
    Kanojo wa nusumi o hataraku.
    She commits theft.
  4. [from 1769] (grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline

Conjugation
Conjugation of "働く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 働か はたらか hataraka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 働き はたらき hataraki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 働く はたらく hataraku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 働く はたらく hataraku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 働け はたらけ hatarake
Meireikei ("imperative") 働け はたらけ hatarake
Key constructions
Passive 働かれる はたらかれる hatarakareru
Causative 働かせる
働かす		 はたらかせる
はたらかす		 hatarakaseru
hatarakasu
Potential 働ける はたらける hatarakeru
Volitional 働こう はたらこう hatarakō
Negative 働かない はたらかない hatarakanai
Negative continuative 働かず はたらかず hatarakazu
Formal 働きます はたらきます hatarakimasu
Perfective 働いた はたらいた hataraita
Conjunctive 働いて はたらいて hataraite
Hypothetical conditional 働けば はたらけば hatarakeba

References
  1. 働く／はたらく - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
  2. “旗・幡・旌”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. “働”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  6. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  7. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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