お母さん

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
かあ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

(o-, honorific prefix) + (, mother) + さん (-san, honorific suffix).

/okakasama//okkasama//okaːsama/

/okakasan//okkasama//okaːsan/

Attested in Osaka and Kyoto, with rare use in Edo (Tokyo), from the late Edo period, especially among upper-middle class households in Osaka.[1]

Usage became widespread in the 20th century after the Ministry of Education adopted (とう)さん (otōsan, father) and (かあ)さん for use in 尋常小学読本 (Jinjō shōgaku dokuhon “Standard elementary school reader”, 1903).[1]

Pronunciation

    • (Tokyo) あさん [òkáꜜàsàǹ] (Nakadaka – [2])[2]
    • IPA(key): [o̞ka̠ːsã̠ɴ]

    Noun

    (かあ)さん • (okāsan) 

    1. (honorific) mother; one's mother

    Alternative forms

    • (honorific, polite) ()(かあ)(さま) (okāsama), ()(かか)(さま) (okakasama), ()(かか)(さま) (okakasama)
    • (honorific, childish) ()(たあ)(さま) (otāsama), ()(たた)(さま) (otatasama)
    • (honorific, archaic) ()(かか)さん (okakasan), ()(かか)さん (okakasan), ()()さん (okkasan)

    Descendants

    • Min Nan: 卡桑 (khà-sàng) (Taiwanese)

    See also

    References

    1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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