ἰός

See also: ιός, Ίος, and -ιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hellenic *ihwós, a thematicization of Proto-Indo-European *(H)isu- (“arrow”). Cognates include Sanskrit इषु (íṣu, “arrow”) and Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬎 (išu, “arrow”).[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

arrow
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.48:
  ἕζετ’ ἔπειτ’ ἀπάνευθε νεῶν, μετὰ δ’ ἰὸν ἕηκε
  hézet’ épeit’ apáneuthe neôn, metà d’ iòn héēke
  Then he sat down apart from the ships and let fly an arrow.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Heteroclitic neuter plural:

Second declension of τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́; τῶν ῑ̓ῶν (Attic)

Case / #	Plural
Nominative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tà īá
Genitive	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tà īá
Vocative	ῑ̓ᾰ́ īá
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἰαφέτης (iaphétēs)
ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
ἰοτυπής (iotupḗs)
ἰοχέαιρα (iokhéaira)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hellenic *wihós, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (víṣa), Latin vīrus, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B wase, and Middle Irish fí.[2]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

poison, venom
- :
  καὶ μὴ τυχοῦσαι πράγματος νικηφόρου, χώρᾳ μεταῦθις ἰὸς ἐκ φρονημάτων πέδοι πεσὼν ἄφερτος αἰανὴς νόσος
  kaì mḕ tukhoûsai prágmatos nikēphórou, khṓrāi metaûthis iòs ek phronēmátōn pédoi pesṑn áphertos aianḕs nósos
  And if they fail to win their cause, the venom from their resentment will fall upon the ground, an intolerable, perpetual plague afterwards in the land.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
ἰοβόρος (iobóros)
ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
ἰοειδής (ioeidḗs)
ἰόεις (ióeis)
ἰολόχευτος (iolókheutos)
ἰομιγής (iomigḗs)
ἰοτόκος (iotókos)
ἰοφόρος (iophóros)
ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

Descendants

Greek: ιός m (iós, “venom”)

Etymology 3

Uncertain. May be of the same origin as Etymology 2.[3]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

rust, verdigris
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 609a:
  κακὸν ἑκάστῳ τι καὶ ἀγαθὸν λέγεις; οῖον ὀφθαλμοῖς ὀφθαλμίαν […] χαλκῷ δὲ καὶ σιδήρῳ ἰόν
  kakòn hekástōi ti kaì agathòn légeis? oîon ophthalmoîs ophthalmían […] khalkôi dè kaì sidḗrōi ión
  Do you say that there is for everything its special good and evil, as for the eyes ophthalmia […] and for bronze and iron rust?

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἰάζω (iázō)
ἰίζω (iízō)
ἰόομαι (ióomai)
ἰοποίησις (iopoíēsis)
ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

Etymology 4

Expansion of original feminine-only pronoun ἴᾱ (íā), from *(h₁)éy.[4]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /i.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Adjective

ῐός • (iós) m (feminine ῐ̓́ᾰ, neuter ῐ̓όν); first/second declension

selfsame; identical

Inflection

First and second declension of ῐ̓ός; ῐ̓́ᾰ; ῐ̓όν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ῐ̓ός iós	ῐ̓́ᾰ ía	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓οί ioí	ῐ̓αί iaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Genitive	ῐ̓οῦ ioû	ῐ̓ᾶς iâs	ῐ̓οῦ ioû	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓αῖν iaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn
Dative	ῐ̓ῷ iôi	ῐ̓ᾷ iâi	ῐ̓ῷ iôi	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓αῖν iaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓οῖς ioîs	ῐ̓αῖς iaîs	ῐ̓οῖς ioîs
Accusative	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓́ᾰν ían	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ούς ioús	ῐ̓ᾱ́ς iā́s	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Vocative	ῐ̓έ ié	ῐ̓́ᾰ ía	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓οί ioí	ῐ̓αί iaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ῐ̓ῶς iôs			ῐ̓ώτερος iṓteros			ῐ̓ώτᾰτος iṓtatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῑ̓ός 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 595
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῑ̓ός 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 595
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῑ̓ός 4”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 595
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἴα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 571

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῑ̓ός 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 595

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῑ̓ός 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 595

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῑ̓ός 4”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 595

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἴα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 571

ἰός

Ancient Greek

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Derived terms

Descendants

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Derived terms

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Adjective

Inflection

Further reading

References