स्तब्ध

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तब्ध (stabdha). Doublet of ठाढ़ा (ṭhāṛhā).

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /st̪əbd̪ʱ/, [st̪ɐbd̪ʱ]

Adjective

स्तब्ध • (stabdh) (indeclinable)

fixed, firm
brought to a standstill, motionless, inert
numb, insensible

Noun

स्तब्ध • (stabdh) m

postponement, deferment, adjournment

Declension

Declension of स्तब्ध (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	स्तब्ध stabdh	स्तब्ध stabdh
oblique	स्तब्ध stabdh	स्तब्धों stabdhõ
vocative	स्तब्ध stabdh	स्तब्धो stabdho

Derived terms

अस्तब्ध (astabdh, “unsteady”)
निस्तब्ध (nistabdh, “motionless”)
निस्तब्धता (nistabdhatā, “stillness”)

References

McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “स्तब्ध”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

স্তব্ধ (Assamese script)
ᬲ᭄ᬢᬩ᭄ᬥ (Balinese script)
স্তব্ধ (Bengali script)
𑰭𑰿𑰝𑰤𑰿𑰠 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀥 (Brahmi script)
သ္တဗ္ဓ (Burmese script)
સ્તબ્ધ (Gujarati script)
ਸ੍ਤਬ੍ਧ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌸𑍍𑌤𑌬𑍍𑌧 (Grantha script)
ꦱ꧀ꦠꦧ꧀ꦣ (Javanese script)
𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂥𑂹𑂡 (Kaithi script)
ಸ್ತಬ್ಧ (Kannada script)
ស្តព្ធ (Khmer script)
ສ຺ຕພ຺ຘ (Lao script)
സ്തബ്ധ (Malayalam script)
ᠰᢠᠠᠪᢡᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘭𑘿𑘝𑘤𑘿𑘠 (Modi script)
ᠰᢐᠠᠪᢑᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧍𑧠𑦽𑧄𑧠𑧀 (Nandinagari script)
𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐧𑑂𑐢 (Newa script)
ସ୍ତବ୍ଧ (Odia script)
ꢱ꣄ꢡꢨ꣄ꢤ (Saurashtra script)
𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆧𑇀𑆣 (Sharada script)
𑖭𑖿𑖝𑖤𑖿𑖠 (Siddham script)
ස‍්තබ‍්ධ (Sinhalese script)
𑪁 𑪙𑩫𑩲 𑪙𑩮 (Soyombo script)
𑚨𑚶𑚙𑚠𑚶𑚜 (Takri script)
ஸ்தப்³த⁴ (Tamil script)
స్తబ్ధ (Telugu script)
สฺตพฺธ (Thai script)
སྟ་བྡྷ (Tibetan script)
𑒮𑓂𑒞𑒥𑓂𑒡 (Tirhuta script)
𑨰𑩇𑨙𑨠𑩇𑨜 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *stabdʰás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stabdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ-tó-s. From the root स्तभ् (stabh) +‎ -त (-ta).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /stɐb.dʱɐ́/, [stɐb̚.dʱɐ́]

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈs̪t̪ɐb.d̪ʱɐ/, [ˈs̪t̪ɐb̚.d̪ʱɐ]

Adjective

स्तब्ध • (stabdhá) stem (root स्तभ्)

firmly fixed, supported, propped
reaching up to
stiff, rigid, immovable, paralyzed, senseless, dull
solidified (as water)
puffed up, proud, arrogant
tardy, slack, slow
obstinate, stubborn, hard-hearted
coarse

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of स्तब्ध (stabdhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	स्तब्धः stabdháḥ	स्तब्धौ / स्तब्धा¹ stabdhaú / stabdhā́¹	स्तब्धाः / स्तब्धासः¹ stabdhā́ḥ / stabdhā́saḥ¹
Vocative	स्तब्ध stábdha	स्तब्धौ / स्तब्धा¹ stábdhau / stábdhā¹	स्तब्धाः / स्तब्धासः¹ stábdhāḥ / stábdhāsaḥ¹
Accusative	स्तब्धम् stabdhám	स्तब्धौ / स्तब्धा¹ stabdhaú / stabdhā́¹	स्तब्धान् stabdhā́n
Instrumental	स्तब्धेन stabdhéna	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धैः / स्तब्धेभिः¹ stabdhaíḥ / stabdhébhiḥ¹
Dative	स्तब्धाय stabdhā́ya	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धेभ्यः stabdhébhyaḥ
Ablative	स्तब्धात् stabdhā́t	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धेभ्यः stabdhébhyaḥ
Genitive	स्तब्धस्य stabdhásya	स्तब्धयोः stabdháyoḥ	स्तब्धानाम् stabdhā́nām
Locative	स्तब्धे stabdhé	स्तब्धयोः stabdháyoḥ	स्तब्धेषु stabdhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of स्तब्धा (stabdhā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	स्तब्धा stabdhā́	स्तब्धे stabdhé	स्तब्धाः stabdhā́ḥ
Vocative	स्तब्धे stábdhe	स्तब्धे stábdhe	स्तब्धाः stábdhāḥ
Accusative	स्तब्धाम् stabdhā́m	स्तब्धे stabdhé	स्तब्धाः stabdhā́ḥ
Instrumental	स्तब्धया / स्तब्धा¹ stabdháyā / stabdhā́¹	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धाभिः stabdhā́bhiḥ
Dative	स्तब्धायै stabdhā́yai	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धाभ्यः stabdhā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	स्तब्धायाः / स्तब्धायै² stabdhā́yāḥ / stabdhā́yai²	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धाभ्यः stabdhā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	स्तब्धायाः / स्तब्धायै² stabdhā́yāḥ / stabdhā́yai²	स्तब्धयोः stabdháyoḥ	स्तब्धानाम् stabdhā́nām
Locative	स्तब्धायाम् stabdhā́yām	स्तब्धयोः stabdháyoḥ	स्तब्धासु stabdhā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of स्तब्ध (stabdhá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	स्तब्धम् stabdhám	स्तब्धे stabdhé	स्तब्धानि / स्तब्धा¹ stabdhā́ni / stabdhā́¹
Vocative	स्तब्ध stábdha	स्तब्धे stábdhe	स्तब्धानि / स्तब्धा¹ stábdhāni / stábdhā¹
Accusative	स्तब्धम् stabdhám	स्तब्धे stabdhé	स्तब्धानि / स्तब्धा¹ stabdhā́ni / stabdhā́¹
Instrumental	स्तब्धेन stabdhéna	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धैः / स्तब्धेभिः¹ stabdhaíḥ / stabdhébhiḥ¹
Dative	स्तब्धाय stabdhā́ya	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धेभ्यः stabdhébhyaḥ
Ablative	स्तब्धात् stabdhā́t	स्तब्धाभ्याम् stabdhā́bhyām	स्तब्धेभ्यः stabdhébhyaḥ
Genitive	स्तब्धस्य stabdhásya	स्तब्धयोः stabdháyoḥ	स्तब्धानाम् stabdhā́nām
Locative	स्तब्धे stabdhé	स्तब्धयोः stabdháyoḥ	स्तब्धेषु stabdhéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Pali: thaddha (“hard, firm, slow”)
Prakrit: 𑀣𑀤𑁆𑀥 (thaddha), 𑀣𑀟𑁆𑀠 (thaḍḍha), 𑀣𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀺𑀅 (thaḍḍhia, “fixed, firm”), 𑀞𑀟𑁆𑀠 (ṭhaḍḍha, “blunted, cold”), (influenced by Proto-Dravidian *taṇ (“cold”):) *𑀣𑀡𑁆𑀠 (*thaṇḍha), *𑀞𑀡𑁆𑀠 (*ṭhaṇḍha)
- Dardic:
  - Shumashti: [script needed] (tāṛe, “above, up”)
  - Kashmiri: [script needed] (thodu), [script needed] (thaṇḍ)
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Bengali: ঠান্ডা (ṭhanḍa)
    - Maithili: [script needed] (ṭhāṛh), [script needed] (ṭhāṛhab, “to stand”)
- Central:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Old Gujarati:
      - Gujarati: ટાઢું (ṭāḍhũ), તાઢું (tāḍhũ, “sluggish, contented, cold”)
    - Hindi: ठाढ़ (ṭhāṛh), ठाड़ (ṭhāṛ), ठाड़ा (ṭhāṛā), ठाढ़ा (ṭhāṛhā, “fixed, stationary, erect, steep”), ठाढ़ना (ṭhāṛhnā, “to be fixed, stand up”), ठंढ (ṭhaṇḍh, “cold”), ठंढा (ṭhaṇḍhā), ठंड (ṭhaṇḍ), ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā)
    - Pahari:
      - Nepali: ठाडो (ṭhāḍo, “vertical, rude, gauche”)
      - Western Pahari:
        Jaunsari: [script needed] (ṭhāṛō, “standing”), [script needed] (ṭhāḍā)
  - Romani: tardo
- Southern
  - Maharastri Prakrit:
    - Marathi: ठाडा (ṭhāḍā, “erect”)
- Northwestern:
  - Punjabi: ṭhaḍḍā (“boundary pillar”)
    Gurmukhi script: ਠੱਡਾ
    
    Shahmukhi script: ٹَھڈّا
  - Sindhi: [script needed] (thadho, “cold”)
  - Lahnda: [script needed] (ṭhaḍḍhā)
  - Kumaoni: [script needed] (ṭhāṛo, “ascent”)
→ Hindi: स्तब्ध (stabdh)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “स्तब्ध”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1258/1.
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “stabdha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

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