सत्य

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit सत्य (satyá, “true; truth, reality”). Doublet of सच (sac), a tadbhava.

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /sət̪.jᵊ/, [sɐt̪.jᵊ]
Audio (file)

Adjective

सत्य • (satya) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling ستیہ)

true, real
Synonym: सच्चा (saccā)

Antonyms: मिथ्या (mithyā), झूठा (jhūṭhā)
sincere, honest, righteous
Synonym: सच्चा (saccā)

Derived terms

असत्य (asatya)
सत्यवाद (satyavād)
सत्याभास (satyābhās)

Noun

सत्य • (satya) m (Urdu spelling ستیہ)

truth
Synonym: सच्चाई (saccāī)

Antonyms: मिथ्या (mithyā), झूठ (jhūṭh)
reality, actuality
Synonyms: वास्तविकता (vāstaviktā), हक़ीक़त (haqīqat)
sincerity, righteousness

Declension

Declension of सत्य (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	सत्य satya	सत्य satya
oblique	सत्य satya	सत्यों satyõ
vocative	सत्य satya	सत्यो satyo

Related terms

सत्या f (satyā)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

সত্য (Assamese script)
ᬲᬢ᭄ᬬ (Balinese script)
সত্য (Bengali script)
𑰭𑰝𑰿𑰧 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀬 (Brahmi script)
သတျ (Burmese script)
સત્ય (Gujarati script)
ਸਤ੍ਯ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌸𑌤𑍍𑌯 (Grantha script)
ꦱꦠꦾ (Javanese script)
𑂮𑂞𑂹𑂨 (Kaithi script)
ಸತ್ಯ (Kannada script)
សត្យ (Khmer script)
ສຕ຺ຍ (Lao script)
സത്യ (Malayalam script)
ᠰᠠᢠᠶᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘭𑘝𑘿𑘧 (Modi script)
ᠰᠠᢐᠶ᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧍𑦽𑧠𑧇 (Nandinagari script)
𑐳𑐟𑑂𑐫 (Newa script)
ସତ୍ଯ (Odia script)
ꢱꢡ꣄ꢫ (Saurashtra script)
𑆱𑆠𑇀𑆪 (Sharada script)
𑖭𑖝𑖿𑖧 (Siddham script)
සත්‍ය (Sinhalese script)
𑪁𑩫 𑪙𑩻 (Soyombo script)
𑚨𑚙𑚶𑚣 (Takri script)
ஸத்ய (Tamil script)
సత్య (Telugu script)
สตฺย (Thai script)
ས་ཏྱ (Tibetan script)
𑒮𑒞𑓂𑒨 (Tirhuta script)
𑨰𑨙𑩇𑨪 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsatyás (“true”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sn̥t-yó-s, from *h₁sónts, from *h₁es- (“to be”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haⁱθiia), Old Persian 𐏃𐏁𐎡𐎹 (h-š-i-y /⁠hašiya⁠/), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 (sunjis).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /sɐt.jɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈs̪ɐt̪.jɐ/

Adjective

सत्य • (satyá)

true, real, actual, genuine
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 6.22.01:
  य एक इद्धव्यश्चर्षणीनामिन्द्रं तं गीर्भिरभ्यर्च आभिः।
  यः पत्यते वृषभो वृष्ण्यावान्सत्यः सत्वा पुरुमायः सहस्वान्॥
  ya eka iddhavyaścarṣaṇīnāmindraṃ taṃ gīrbhirabhyarca ābhiḥ.
  yaḥ patyate vṛṣabho vṛṣṇyāvānsatyaḥ satvā purumāyaḥ sahasvān.
  WITH these my hymns I glorify that Indra who is alone to be invoked by mortals,
  The Lord, the Mighty One, of manly vigour, victorious, Hero, true, and full of wisdom.
sincere, honest, truthful, faithful
pure, virtuous, good
successful, effectual, valid

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सत्य (satyá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सत्यः satyáḥ	सत्यौ / सत्या¹ satyaú / satyā́¹	सत्याः / सत्यासः¹ satyā́ḥ / satyā́saḥ¹
Vocative	सत्य sátya	सत्यौ / सत्या¹ sátyau / sátyā¹	सत्याः / सत्यासः¹ sátyāḥ / sátyāsaḥ¹
Accusative	सत्यम् satyám	सत्यौ / सत्या¹ satyaú / satyā́¹	सत्यान् satyā́n
Instrumental	सत्येन satyéna	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्यैः / सत्येभिः¹ satyaíḥ / satyébhiḥ¹
Dative	सत्याय satyā́ya	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्येभ्यः satyébhyaḥ
Ablative	सत्यात् satyā́t	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्येभ्यः satyébhyaḥ
Genitive	सत्यस्य satyásya	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्यानाम् satyā́nām
Locative	सत्ये satyé	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्येषु satyéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of सत्या (satyā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सत्या satyā́	सत्ये satyé	सत्याः satyā́ḥ
Vocative	सत्ये sátye	सत्ये sátye	सत्याः sátyāḥ
Accusative	सत्याम् satyā́m	सत्ये satyé	सत्याः satyā́ḥ
Instrumental	सत्यया / सत्या¹ satyáyā / satyā́¹	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्याभिः satyā́bhiḥ
Dative	सत्यायै satyā́yai	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्याभ्यः satyā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	सत्यायाः / सत्यायै² satyā́yāḥ / satyā́yai²	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्याभ्यः satyā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	सत्यायाः / सत्यायै² satyā́yāḥ / satyā́yai²	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्यानाम् satyā́nām
Locative	सत्यायाम् satyā́yām	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्यासु satyā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of सत्य (satyá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सत्यम् satyám	सत्ये satyé	सत्यानि / सत्या¹ satyā́ni / satyā́¹
Vocative	सत्य sátya	सत्ये sátye	सत्यानि / सत्या¹ sátyāni / sátyā¹
Accusative	सत्यम् satyám	सत्ये satyé	सत्यानि / सत्या¹ satyā́ni / satyā́¹
Instrumental	सत्येन satyéna	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्यैः / सत्येभिः¹ satyaíḥ / satyébhiḥ¹
Dative	सत्याय satyā́ya	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्येभ्यः satyébhyaḥ
Ablative	सत्यात् satyā́t	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्येभ्यः satyébhyaḥ
Genitive	सत्यस्य satyásya	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्यानाम् satyā́nām
Locative	सत्ये satyé	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्येषु satyéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀲𑀘 (saca)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀘𑁆𑀘 (sacca)
  - Early Assamese: সঞ্চা (soñca)
    - Assamese: সঁচা (xõsa)
  - Bengali: সাঁচা (śãca), সাচ্চা (śacca)
  - Sylheti: ꠢꠣꠌꠣ (hasa)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀘𑁆𑀘 (sacca)
  - Old Marathi: साच (sāca)
- Pali: sacca
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀘𑁆𑀘 (sacca)
  - Gujarati: સાચ (sāc)
  - Hindustani: sac
    Hindi: सच
    
    Urdu: سچ
  - Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਸੱਚ (sacca)
    
    Shahmukhi script: سچ (sac)
  - Romani: ćaćo
→ Bengali: সত্য (śotto)
→ Hindi: सत्य (satya)
→ Kannada: ಸತ್ಯ (satya)
→ Khmer: សត្យ (sat), សត្យា (sattyaa)
→ Lao: ສັດ (sat)
→ Lü: ᦉᦈ (ṡṫs), ᦉᧆᦈ (ṡadṫs)
→ Malay: setia
- → Indonesian: setia
→ Malayalam: സത്യം (satyaṁ)
→ Punjabi: ਸਤਿ (sati)
→ Telugu: సత్యము (satyamu)
→ Thai: สัตย์ (sàt)
→ Tamil: சத்தியம் (cattiyam)

Noun

सत्य • (satyá) stem, n

Inflection

Neuter a-stem declension of सत्य (satyá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सत्यम् satyám	सत्ये satyé	सत्यानि / सत्या¹ satyā́ni / satyā́¹
Vocative	सत्य sátya	सत्ये sátye	सत्यानि / सत्या¹ sátyāni / sátyā¹
Accusative	सत्यम् satyám	सत्ये satyé	सत्यानि / सत्या¹ satyā́ni / satyā́¹
Instrumental	सत्येन satyéna	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्यैः / सत्येभिः¹ satyaíḥ / satyébhiḥ¹
Dative	सत्याय satyā́ya	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्येभ्यः satyébhyaḥ
Ablative	सत्यात् satyā́t	सत्याभ्याम् satyā́bhyām	सत्येभ्यः satyébhyaḥ
Genitive	सत्यस्य satyásya	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्यानाम् satyā́nām
Locative	सत्ये satyé	सत्ययोः satyáyoḥ	सत्येषु satyéṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

सत्यकर्मन् (satyakarman, “one whose actions are true; sincerity in action”)
सत्यक्रिया (satyakriyā, “a promise, oath”)
सत्यघ्न (satyaghna, “breaking one's word”)
सत्यजित् (satyajit, “truly victorious, conquering by truth”)
सत्यदर्शिन् (satyadarśin, “truth-seeing, truth-discerning”)
सत्यधर्म (satyadharma, “the law of truth”)
सत्यबन्ध (satyabandha, “bound by the truth, truthful”)
सत्यभाषण (satyabhāṣaṇa, “speaking of the truth”)
सत्यभेदिन् (satyabhedin, “violating truth, promise-breaking”)
सत्यम् (satyam, “truly, indeed, certainly, verily, yes”)
सत्यलोक (satyaloka, “world of truth”)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “सत्य”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1135.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 690-691

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