توده

See also: پوده

Pashto

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *taftáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *taptás, from Proto-Indo-European *təptós (“heated, warm, hot”), from the root *tep- (“to (be) warm”). Cognate with Persian تفت (taft), Sogdian ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk), Bactrian ταβδο (tabdo), Ossetian тӕвдӕ (tævdæ), Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta), Sanskrit तप्त (taptá). Compare also Tocharian B tāpce (“warm”) and Irish teas, Welsh tes (“heat, warmth; compassion”).

Related to تود (tod).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /t̪awd̪a/
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

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توده • (tawda)

  1. hot, warm
    Synonym: تود (tod)

Declension
declension of توده
masculine feminine
singular plural singular plural
direct تود
(tod)		 تاودۀ
(tâwdë)		 توده
(tëwda)		 تودې
(tëwde)
oblique تاودۀ
(tâwdë)		 تودو
(tëwdo)		 تودې
(tëwde)		 تودو
(tëwdo)
vocative توده
(toda)		 تودو
(tëwdo)		 تودې
(tëwde)		 تودو
(tëwdo)

Persian

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *taw(H)táH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *taw(H)táH (“people, folk, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew(H)téh₂ (“people, tribe, men-at-arms”).

Cognate with Northern Kurdish tûde, Sogdian 𐫤𐫇𐫔𐫏𐫍 (twδyh /⁠tūδē⁠/). More distantly related to Latin tōtus, Latvian tàuta, Lithuanian tautà, Irish tuath, Welsh tud, Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda), Middle English thede and Teuton.

Pronunciation
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [t̪ʰʊː.d̪ä]

Readings
Classical reading? tōḏa
Dari reading? tōda
Iranian reading? tude
Tajik reading? tüda

Noun

توده • (tude) (plural توده‌ها (tude-hâ))

  1. heap, pile, mass
  2. people, folk, masses

Descendants
  • → Ottoman Turkish: توده (tude)
  • → Urdu: تودہ (tōda, tūda)
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