γλῶσσα

See also: γλώσσα

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

γλάσσᾰ (glássa) — Ionic
γλῶττᾰ (glôtta) — Attic

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *glṓťťā; further etymology uncertain. Per Beekes, perhaps originally “provided with a point”, equivalent to γλῶχες (glôkhes, “beard of corn”) +‎ -ια (-ia), from Proto-Indo-European *glṓgʰs ~ *gl̥gʰós (“point”) (assuming cognacy with Proto-Slavic *glogъ (“thorn, hawthorn”), but the connection is disputed).[1] Alternatively, related to Proto-Germanic *tulgaz (“tongue”), a poetic word, from a different Proto-Indo-European root noun *dlṓgʰs ~ *dl̥gʰós; compare γλυκύς (glukús) for the phonetics.[2]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ɡlɔ̂ːs.sa/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈɡlos.sa/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈɣlos.sa/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈɣlos.sa/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈɣlo.sa/

Noun

γλῶσσᾰ • (glôssa) f (genitive γλώσσης); first declension (Ionic)

(anatomy) The tongue.
A language.
Anything shaped like the tongue:
1. (music) The mouthpiece of a pipe.
2. The tongue or thong of leather, shoe-latchet.
3. The tongue of land.
4. Ingot.
5. (divination) The marking on the liver.

Inflection

First declension of ἡ γλῶσσᾰ; τῆς γλώσσης (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ γλῶσσᾰ hē glôssa	τὼ γλώσσᾱ tṑ glṓssā	αἱ γλῶσσαι hai glôssai
Genitive	τῆς γλώσσης tês glṓssēs	τοῖν γλώσσαιν toîn glṓssain	τῶν γλωσσέων / γλωσσῶν tôn glōsséōn / glōssôn
Dative	τῇ γλώσσῃ têi glṓssēi	τοῖν γλώσσαιν toîn glṓssain	τῇσῐ / τῇσῐν γλώσσῃσῐ / γλώσσῃσῐν têisi(n) glṓssēisi(n)
Accusative	τὴν γλῶσσᾰν tḕn glôssan	τὼ γλώσσᾱ tṑ glṓssā	τᾱ̀ς γλώσσᾱς tā̀s glṓssās
Vocative	γλῶσσᾰ glôssa	γλώσσᾱ glṓssā	γλῶσσαι glôssai
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

First declension of ᾱ̔ γλώσσᾱ; τᾶς γλώσσᾱς (Laconian)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ᾱ̔ γλώσσᾱ hā glṓssā	τὼ γλώσσᾱ tṑ glṓssā	ταὶ γλῶσσαι taì glôssai
Genitive	τᾶς γλώσσᾱς tâs glṓssās	τοῖν γλώσσαιν toîn glṓssain	τᾶν γλωσσᾶν tân glōssân
Dative	τᾷ γλώσσᾳ tâi glṓssāi	τοῖν γλώσσαιν toîn glṓssain	ταῖς γλώσσαις taîs glṓssais
Accusative	τᾱ̀ν γλώσσᾱν tā̀n glṓssān	τὼ γλώσσᾱ tṑ glṓssā	τᾱ̀ς γλώσσᾱς tā̀s glṓssās
Vocative	γλώσσᾱ glṓssā	γλώσσᾱ glṓssā	γλῶσσαι glôssai
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

βούγλωσσον (boúglōsson)
βρᾰδῠ́γλωσσος (bradúglōssos)
βᾰθῠ́γλωσσος (bathúglōssos)
γλῶσσαι (glôssai)
γλώσσημᾰ (glṓssēma)
γλωσσογρᾰ́φος (glōssográphos)
γλωσσοκομεῖον (glōssokomeîon)
γλωσσοτομέ (glōssotomé)
γλωσσώδης (glōssṓdēs)
γλώσσᾰλγος (glṓssalgos)
γλωσσᾰ́ρῐον (glōssárion)
δῐ́γλωσσος (díglōssos)
ἐπῐγλωσσᾰ́ομαι (epiglōssáomai)
ἐπῐγλωσσῐ́ς (epiglōssís)
ἑτερόγλωσσος (heteróglōssos)
εὔγλωσσος (eúglōssos)
εὐθῠ́γλωσσος (euthúglōssos)
κῠνόγλωσσος (kunóglōssos)
μελῐ́γλωσσος (melíglōssos)
ὁμόγλωσσος (homóglōssos)
πλᾰτῠ́γλωσσος (platúglōssos)
πολῠ́γλωσσος (polúglōssos)
πρόγλωσσος (próglōssos)
πᾰλῐ́γγλωσσος (palínglōssos)
πῐκρόγλωσσος (pikróglōssos)
τᾰχῠ́γλωσσος (takhúglōssos)
χᾰρῐτόγλωσσος (kharitóglōssos)
ᾰ̓γκῠλόγλωσσον (ankulóglōsson)
ᾰ̓γλωσσος (aglōssos)
ᾰ̓λλόγλωσσος (allóglōssos)
ῐ̓δῐόγλωσσος (idióglōssos)
ῐ̔ερόγλωσσος (hieróglōssos)
ῠ̒πόγλωσσον (u̒póglōsson)
ῠ̒πόγλωσσος (u̒póglōssos)
ῠ̒πογλωσσί̆ς (u̒poglōssís)

Descendants

Inherited

Greek: γλώσσα (glóssa)
Italiot Greek: glossa
Mariupol Greek: гло́са (hlósa)
Tsakonian: γρούσσα (groússa)

Borrowed

→ English: glossa
→ Latin: glossa, glōsa; gloss.
- → Catalan: glossa
- → Middle English: glosse
  - English: gloss
- → Middle High German: glōse
  - German: Glosse
- Italian: chiosa, → glossa
- → Old French: glose
  - Middle French: glose
    - French: glose
  - → Czech: glosa
- → Old Irish: glúas
  - Middle Irish: glúais
    - Irish: gluais
- → Old Galician-Portuguese: glosa
  - Portuguese: glosa
- → Old Spanish: glosa
  - Spanish: glosa
- → Polish: glosa
- → Romanian: glosă

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γλῶσσα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 278
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tulga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 525

“γλῶσσα”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“γλῶσσα”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“γλῶσσα”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
γλῶσσα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
γλῶσσα in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
γλῶσσα in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
“γλῶσσα”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G1100 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- brogue idem, page 100.
- dialect idem, page 222.
- language idem, page 475.
- mouthpiece idem, page 544.
- speech idem, page 800.
- taste idem, page 856.
- tongue idem, page 880.
- utterance idem, page 941.

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γλῶσσα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 278

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tulga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 525