This is a description for a series of diagrams showing the reference ranges for the blood content of the hormones estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle, as established on a reference group in Switzerland using the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer.

There are several methods for differential diagnostic procedures, and several variants among those. Furthermore, a differential diagnostic procedure can be used concomitantly or alternately with protocols, guidelines or other diagnostic procedures (such as pattern-recognition or using medical algorithms). Following are two methods of differential diagnosis, being based on epidemiology and likelihood ratios, respectively.

Revised by Concordet Abstract: A reference range describes the variations of a measurement or value in healthy individuals. It is a basis for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of results for a particular patient. This article will primarily focus on the standard definition of a reference range (which is referred to if not otherwise specified). The standard reference range basically originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the population. However, there are also optimal health ranges that are those that appear to have the optimal health impact on people.

Methods to overcome rejection of a xenogeneic embryo or fetus include: (1) Intercurrently inserting an allogeneic (allo- denotes something from the same species) embryo into the uterus in addition to the xenogeneic one. (2) Covering the outer layer of a xenogeneic embryo with allogeneic cells.

Steroidogenesis is the biological process by which steroids are generated from cholesterol and transformed into other steroids. An overview of the pathways wherein these steroids are produced can be achieved by a diagram.