Non inverting Amplifier

${\displaystyle {\frac {v_{o}}{v_{i}}}={\frac {N_{2}}{N_{1}}}=n}$

With

${\displaystyle N_{2}>N_{1}}$ . ${\displaystyle v_{o}=nv_{i}}$

Inverting Amplifier

${\displaystyle {\frac {v_{o}}{v_{i}}}=-{\frac {N_{2}}{N_{1}}}=-n}$

With

${\displaystyle N_{2}>N_{1}}$ . ${\displaystyle v_{o}=-nv_{i}}$

Non inverting Amplifier

${\displaystyle {\frac {v_{o}}{v_{i}}}=({\frac {R_{2}}{R_{2}+R_{1}}})({\frac {R_{4}}{R_{3}}})}$

With

${\displaystyle R_{1}=0.R_{4}=nR_{3}}$ . ${\displaystyle v_{o}=nv_{i}}$

Inverting Amplifier

${\displaystyle {\frac {v_{o}}{v_{i}}}=1-({\frac {R_{2}}{R_{2}+R_{1}}})({\frac {R_{4}}{R_{3}}})}$

With

${\displaystyle R_{1}=0.R_{4}=(n+1)R_{3}}$ . ${\displaystyle v_{o}=-nv_{i}}$

Differential amplifier (difference amplifier)

Amplifies the difference in voltage between its inputs.

The name "differential amplifier" must not be confused with the "differentiator," which is also shown on this page.

The "instrumentation amplifier," which is also shown on this page, is a modification of the differential amplifier that also provides high input impedance.

The circuit shown computes the difference of two voltages, multiplied by some gain factor. The output voltage:

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}={\frac {\left(R_{\text{f}}+R_{1}\right)R_{\text{g}}}{\left(R_{\text{g}}+R_{2}\right)R_{1}}}V_{2}-{\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{1}}}V_{1}=\left({\frac {R_{1}+R_{\text{f}}}{R_{1}}}\right)\cdot \left({\frac {R_{\text{g}}}{R_{\text{g}}+R_{2}}}\right)V_{2}-{\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{1}}}V_{1}.}$

Or, expressed as a function of the common mode input V_com and difference input V_dif

${\displaystyle V_{\text{com}}=(V_{1}+V_{2})/2;V_{\text{dif}}=V_{2}-V_{1}\,,}$

the output voltage is

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}{\frac {R_{1}}{R_{\text{f}}}}=V_{\text{com}}{\frac {R_{1}/R_{\text{f}}-R_{2}/R_{\text{g}}}{1+R_{2}/R_{\text{g}}}}+V_{\text{dif}}{\frac {1+(R_{2}/R_{\text{g}}+R_{1}/R_{\text{f}})/2}{1+R_{2}/R_{\text{g}}}}.}$

In order for this circuit to produce a signal proportional to the voltage difference of the input terminals, the coefficient of the V_com term (the common-mode gain) must be zero, or

${\displaystyle R_{1}/R_{\text{f}}=R_{2}/R_{\text{g}}}$

With this constraint If you think of the left-hand side of the relation as the closed-loop gain of the inverting input, and the right-hand side as the gain of the non-inverting input, then matching these two quantities provides an output insensitive to the common-mode voltage of ${\displaystyle V_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle V_{2}}$.</ref> in place, the common-mode rejection ratio of this circuit is infinitely large, and the output

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}={\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{1}}}V_{\text{dif}}={\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{1}}}\left(V_{2}-V_{1}\right).}$

where the simple expression R_f / R₁ represents the closed-loop gain of the differential amplifier.

The special case when the closed-loop gain is unity is a differential follower, with:

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=V_{2}-V_{1}.\,}$

Inverting amplifier

An inverting amplifier is a special case of the differential amplifier in which that circuit's non-inverting input V₂ is grounded, and inverting input V₁ is identified with V_in above. The closed-loop gain is R_f / R_in, hence

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=-{\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{\text{in}}}}V_{\text{in}}\!\,}$.

The simplified circuit above is like the differential amplifier in the limit of R₂ and R_g very small. In this case, though, the circuit will be susceptible to input bias current drift because of the mismatch between R_f and R_in.

To intuitively see the gain equation above, calculate the current in R_in:

${\displaystyle i_{\text{in}}={\frac {V_{\text{in}}}{R_{\text{in}}}}}$

then recall that this same current must be passing through R_f, therefore (because V₋ = V₊ = 0):

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=-i_{\text{in}}R_{\text{f}}=-V_{\text{in}}{\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{\text{in}}}}}$

A mechanical analogy is a seesaw, with the V₋ node (between R_in and R_f) as the fulcrum, at ground potential. V_in is at a length R_in from the fulcrum; V_out is at a length R_f. When V_in descends "below ground", the output V_out rises proportionately to balance the seesaw, and vice versa.

Non-inverting amplifier

A non-inverting amplifier is a special case of the differential amplifier in which that circuit's inverting input V₁ is grounded, and non-inverting input V₂ is identified with V_in above, with R₁ ≫ R₂. Referring to the circuit immediately above,

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=\left(1+{\frac {R_{\text{2}}}{R_{\text{1}}}}\right)V_{\text{in}}\!\,}$.

To intuitively see this gain equation, use the virtual ground technique to calculate the current in resistor R₁:

${\displaystyle i_{1}={\frac {V_{\text{in}}}{R_{1}}}\,,}$

then recall that this same current must be passing through R₂, therefore:

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=V_{\text{in}}+i_{1}R_{2}=V_{\text{in}}\left(1+{\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}\right)}$

Unlike the inverting amplifier, a non-inverting amplifier cannot have a gain of less than 1.

A mechanical analogy is a class-2 lever, with one terminal of R₁ as the fulcrum, at ground potential. V_in is at a length R₁ from the fulcrum; V_out is at a length R₂ further along. When V_in ascends "above ground", the output V_out rises proportionately with the lever.

The input impedance of the simplified non-inverting amplifier is high, of order R_dif × A_OL times the closed-loop gain, where R_dif is the op amp's input impedance to differential signals, and A_OL is the open-loop voltage gain of the op amp; in the case of the ideal op amp, with A_OL infinite and R_dif infinite, the input impedance is infinite. In this case, though, the circuit will be susceptible to input bias current drift because of the mismatch between the impedances driving the V₊ and V₋ op amp inputs.

Voltage follower (unity buffer amplifier)

Used as a buffer amplifier to eliminate loading effects (e.g., connecting a device with a high source impedance to a device with a low input impedance).

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=V_{\text{in}}\!\ }$

${\displaystyle Z_{\text{in}}=\infty }$ (realistically, the differential input impedance of the op-amp itself, 1 MΩ to 1 TΩ)

Due to the strong (i.e., unity gain) feedback and certain non-ideal characteristics of real operational amplifiers, this feedback system is prone to have poor stability margins. Consequently, the system may be unstable when connected to sufficiently capacitive loads. In these cases, a lag compensation network (e.g., connecting the load to the voltage follower through a resistor) can be used to restore stability. The manufacturer data sheet for the operational amplifier may provide guidance for the selection of components in external compensation networks. Alternatively, another operational amplifier can be chosen that has more appropriate internal compensation.

Summing amplifier

A summing amplifier sums several (weighted) voltages:

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=-R_{\text{f}}\left({\frac {V_{1}}{R_{1}}}+{\frac {V_{2}}{R_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {V_{n}}{R_{n}}}\right)}$

• When ${\displaystyle R_{1}=R_{2}=\cdots =R_{n}}$, and ${\displaystyle R_{\text{f}}}$ independent

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=-{\frac {R_{\text{f}}}{R_{1}}}(V_{1}+V_{2}+\cdots +V_{n})\!\ }$

• When ${\displaystyle R_{1}=R_{2}=\cdots =R_{n}=R_{\text{f}}}$

${\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}=-(V_{1}+V_{2}+\cdots +V_{n})\!\ }$

• Output is inverted
• Input impedance of the nth input is ${\displaystyle Z_{n}=R_{n}}$ (${\displaystyle V_{-}}$ is a virtual ground)

Instrumentation amplifier

Combines very high input impedance, high common-mode rejection, low DC offset, and other properties used in making very accurate, low-noise measurements

• Is made by adding a non-inverting buffer to each input of the differential amplifier to increase the input impedance.