502
THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY
The variety of political reform movements, their weakness and lack of harmony are indicative of the bankruptcy of the reform movements of the type then prevailing. Truth, "A Journal for the Poor," and a radical paper, declared:
This journal is not the paid mouthpiece of either Trades' Unions, Knights of Labor, Anti-Monopoly Party, Greenback Party, Socialistic Labor Party, Liberal League, Patrons of Husbandry (Grangers), Farmers' Alliance, Irish Revolutionary Organizations, or any other Nihilistic, Communal or Socialistic organization. But it is the friend of every one of them.[1]
Buchanan speaks of the lack of harmony in the ranks of the labor and reform forces of this period. In 1888, as editor of the Chicago Enquirer, he pled for a union among the following movements: "The Union Labor Party, United Labor Party, Progressive Labor Party, American Reform Party, the Grange, the Farmer's Alliance, the Tax Reformers, Anti-Monopolists, Homesteaders, and all other political and politico-economic organizations of bread-winners."[2]
Nevertheless, labor organizations were gaining in strength. The Knights of Labor reached its high water mark in 1886; and the American Federation of Labor increased from less than 50,000 in 1881 to over 200,000 in 1889. In an address sent by the heads of several trade unions to the convention of the Knights of Labor in 1886, it was confidently assorted that "within the past year the national and international trades unions have grown with giant strides." The following statistics of growth during the preceding year were offered:[3]
International Typographical Union has gained |
9,642 |
Cigarmakers' International Union has gained |
7,101 |
Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners has gained |
13,464 |
International Union of Bricklayers and Masons has gained |
9,578 |
National Bakers' Union has gained |
7,564 |
Furniture Workers' Union has gained |
6,633 |
Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers has gained |
8,230 |
Iron Molders' Union has gained |
12,400 |
Granite Cutters' Union has gained |
3,622 |
Custom Tailors have gained |
2,541 |
Coal Miners have gained |
36,000 |
Labor was sloughing off its reformism and returning to the "pure and simple" type of trade unionism. Its was evidently becoming more difficult to lead the wage earners into the camp of the reformers.
During the period under consideration, employers' associations hostile to organized labor were by no means unknown. In July, 1872, "The Employers' Central Executive Committee" of New York City sent out a questionnaire containing eleven questions. The committee desired "to avail itself of the wisdom and experience of Thinkers and Em-