the civil law I do not know. In 1534 Pole and Starkey were together at Padua; Pole was studying theology, Starkey the civil law. Starkey in a letter says 'Francis Curtius is dead, to the grief of those who follow the doctrine of Bartholus.' Perhaps we may infer from this that Starkey was in the camp of the Anti-Bartolists (Letters and Papers, Henry VIII., vol. VII., p. 331). In 1535 he says that he has been studying the civil law in order to form 'a better judgment of the politic order and customs used in our country' (Ibid. vol. VIII., p. 80).

The Reception in Germany.^12  For a general view of the Reception in Germany with many references to other books, see Schroder, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, ed. 2, pp. 743 ff.; ed. 3, pp. 767 ff.

Modern estimates of the Reception.^13  For a moderate defence of the Reception, see Windscheid, Pandektenrecht, ed. 7, vol. I., pp. 23 ff. (§ 10). Ihering appeals from Nationality to Universality (cosmopolitanism); Geist des römischen Rechts, ed. 5, vol. I., p. 12: 'So lange die Wissenschaft sich nicht entschliesst, dem Gedanken der Nationalitat den der Universalität als gleichberechtigten zur Seite zu setzen, wird sie weder im Stande sein die Welt, in der sie selber lebt, zu begreifen, noch auch die geschehene Reception des romischen Rechts wissenschaftlich zu rechtfertigen.' The following sentences may, I believe, be taken as typical of much that has been written of late